[25] Park |
ICR mice |
Fe3O4
|
5.3 nm |
0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg body weight |
Intratracheal instillation |
1, 7, 14, 28 days |
Inflammation |
[26] Park |
ICR mice |
Fe2O3
|
10 nm (209.4 nm agglomerate) |
0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg body weight |
Intratracheal instillation |
90 days |
Inflammation, Th1 polarized immune response |
[27] Sadeghi |
Wistar rats |
Fe2O3
|
20 nm |
20 or 40 mg/kg body weight |
Intratracheal instillation (7 or 14 times, once every other day) |
1 day post exposure set completion |
Inflammation, liver damage |
[28] Srinivas |
Wistar rats |
Fe3O4
|
15–20 nm |
640 mg/m3
|
Inhalation, 4 h continuous |
1, 2, 14 days |
Inflammation |
[31] Zhu |
Sprague Dawley rats |
Fe2O3
|
22 or 280 nm |
0.8 or 20 mg/kg body weight |
Intratracheal instillation |
1, 30 days |
Inflammation, pro-fibrosis, longer prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times |
[32] Szalay |
Wistar rats |
Fe3O4
|
<50 nm |
1 or 5 mg/kg body weight |
Intratracheal instillation |
1, 3, 7, 14, 30 days |
Weak fibrosis |
[33] Totsuka |
ICR or gpt delta mice |
Fe3O4
|
10–100 nm |
0.05 or 0.2 mg/animal |
Intratracheal instillation |
3 h, 8 weeks |
DNA damage in lungs, DNA adduct formation, inflammation, focal granuloma formation |
[34] Ishino |
ICR mice |
Fe3O4
|
10–100 nm |
0.2 mg/animal |
Intratracheal instillation |
1 day |
DNA adducts (elevated ϵdC) |
[45] Campbell |
Mice (strain unknown) |
Fe2O3·H2O |
Unknown |
0.5 g for 8–12 animals |
Inhalation, 6 h/day continuous, 5 days/week, 1 year |
Up to 800 days (or death of animal) |
Primary lung tumors |
[35] Zhu |
Sprague Dawley rats |
59Fe2O3
|
22 nm |
4 mg/animal |
Intratracheal instillation |
Daily, up to 50 days |
IONPs can pass into systemic circulation, and is distributed to mononuclear phagocyte rich organs |
[36] Al Faraj |
Balb/c mice |
Fe2O3
|
129.3 nm |
0.8 mmol iron/kg body weight |
Intrapulmonary administration (once or three times on consecutive days) |
2 h, 1 or 2 days, 1 or 2 weeks, 1 month |
Particle translocation to liver, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, inflammation biomarkers |
[37] Wang |
Wistar rats |
Fe2O3
|
30 nm |
8.5 mg/kg body weight |
Dry powder nasal spray, twice daily for three days |
Up to 36 h |
Severe lung and liver tissue damage |
[29] Ban |
Balb/c mice |
Fe2O3
|
35 or 147 nm |
100, 250, or 500 μg/mouse |
Intratracheal administration (four times) with or without OVA sensitization |
24, 48 h after completion of exposure set |
Inhibition of OVA-induced allergic response at high dose, enhancement with low dose |
[30] Gustafsson |
Balb/c mice |
Fe2O3
|
30 nm |
2.5 mg/kg body weight |
Intratracheal instillation with or without OVA sensitization |
1, 2, 7 days post exposure |
Decreased inflammation with IONP and OVA attributed to excessive cell death in inflamed airways and lung draining lymph nodes |
[55] Teeguarden |
Balb/c mice |
Super-paramagnetic IONPs |
12.8 nm |
19.9 mg/m3
|
Inhalation, four hour continuous |
Up to 7 days |
Particle deposition, interstitial inflammation, macrophage infiltration |