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. 2017 Oct 24;7(10):345. doi: 10.3390/nano7100345

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images of freestanding TiO₂ nanotube arrays. (a) Top view; (b) Bottom view before ion milling process; (c) Bottom view after ion milling process of freestanding TiO₂ nanotube arrays; and (d) Side view of freestanding TiO₂ nanotube arrays and large TiO₂ NPs on the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass.