Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants According to Sex
| Men (n =492) | Women (n =595) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.61±8.86 | 65.37±9.4 | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.81±2.8 | 24.19±3.3 | 0.041 |
| Current smoker (%) | 153(31.55) | 30 (5.10) | <.0001 |
| Alcohol drinker >3U/d (%) | 84(17.07) | 6(1.01) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 75(15.46) | 83(14.12) | 0.615 |
| Hypertension (%) | 178(36.70) | 265(45.07) | 0.023 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 237(51.75) | 262(48.88) | 0.368 |
| History of CVD (%) | 53(10.77) | 50(8.40) | 0.184 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 175(35.57) | 285(47.90) | <.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.76±17.62 | 128.47±17.89 | 0.513 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.82±10.5 | 76.26±10.09 | 0.013 |
| Estrogen replacement (%) | - | 74(12.59) | |
| Regular exercise (%) | 114(23.17) | 109(18.32) | 0.049 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 556.32±412.73 | 405.4±287.74 | <.0001 |
| Phosphorus intake (mg/day) | 1288.51±560.52 | 915.77±414.08 | <.0001 |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 8.48±3.06 | 10.87±3.61 | <.0001 |
| Total fat percentage (%) | 24.93±6.21 | 35.97±6.98 | <.0001 |
| ASM (kg) | 20.93±2.88 | 14.05±1.94 | <.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 86.83±16.17 | 88.4±16.33 | 0.124 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 15.94±4.41 | 15.33±4.3 | 0.026 |
| 25OHD (ng/mL) | 18.04±5.83 | 16.51±6.44 | <.0001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 239.48±78.47 | 257.44±74.28 | 0.000 |
| Intact PTH | 64.48±23.29 | 67.72±27.54 | 0.042 |
| UACR (µg/mg) | 52.1±332.85 | 46.38±364.74 | 0.793 |
| Normoalbuminuria (%) | 429(87.20) | 525(88.24) | 0.873 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 53(10.77) | 59(9.92) | |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 10(2.03) | 11(1.85) | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 105.04±28.04 | 101.37±24.42 | 0.027 |
| HbA1c | 6.04±0.92 | 6.02±0.95 | 0.789 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 189.17±36.46 | 202.47±37.4 | <.0001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 161.42±138.1 | 139.04±88.96 | 0.003 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.56±12.15 | 48.61±11.02 | 0.006 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 112.12±33.57 | 125.59±34.33 | 0.001 |
| SMI | 31662.43±2694.51 | 24763.9±2734.71 | <.0001 |
| Normal SMI (%) | 345(70.12) | 349(58.66) | <.0001 |
| Mild LMM (%) | 125(25.41) | 174(29.24) | |
| Severe LMM (%) | 22(4.47) | 72(12.10) |