Table 2.
Characteristics of Study Participants According to the Skeletal Muscle Mass
| Men (n = 492) | Women (n = 595) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal SMI (n =345) |
Mild LMM (n =125) |
Severe LMM (n =22 ) |
p-value | Normal SMI (n =349) |
Mild LMM (n =174) |
Severe LMM (n =72) |
p-value | |
| Age (years) | 62.83±8.80 | 65.15±9.10 | 67.14±6.39 | 0.006* | 65.23±9.8 | 64.89±8.73 | 67.21±8.88 | 0.192* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.24±2.63 | 24.85±2.57 | 26.68±3.24 | <.0001* | 22.93±2.67 | 25.37±2.69 | 27.4±4.12 | <.0001* |
| Current smoker (%) | 114 (33.43) | 34 (27.64) | 5 (23.81) | 0.051# | 26 (7.54) | 2 (1.16) | 2 (2.82) | 0.136# |
| Alcohol drinker >3U/d (%) | 62(17.97) | 15 (12.00) | 7(31.82) | 0.053# | 4 (1.15) | 1 (0.57) | 1(1.39) | 0.779# |
| Diabetes (%) | 43 (12.61) | 28 (22.76) | 4 (19.05) | 0.093# | 43 (12.46) | 26 (15.12) | 14 (19.72) | 0.620# |
| Hypertension (%) | 102 (29.91) | 63 (51.22) | 13 (61.90) | <.0001# | 128 (37.1) | 92 (53.49) | 45 (63.38) | 0.0004# |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 147 (42.61) | 73 (58.40) | 17 (77.27) | 0.0002# | 143 (40.97) | 81 (46.55) | 38 (52.78) | 0.134# |
| History of CVD (%) | 28 (8.12) | 18 (14.40) | 7 (31.82) | 0.0008# | 20 (5.73) | 19 (10.92) | 11 (15.28) | 0.010# |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 93 (26.96) | 67 (53.60) | 15 (68.18) | <.0001# | 135 (38.68) | 102 (58.62) | 48 (66.67) | <.0001# |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.05±18.17 | 128.23±16.02 | 136.18±15.92 | 0.058* | 127.49±18.44 | 130.22±17.02 | 128.92±17.09 | 0.252* |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.9±10.69 | 77.14±9.92 | 80.5±10.85 | 0.374* | 75.63±10.46 | 78.01±9.59 | 75.1±8.99 | 0.022* |
| Estrogen replacement (%) | _ | _ | _ | _ | 50 (14.49) | 18 (10.47) | 6 (8.45) | 0.528# |
| Regular exercise (%) | 78 (22.61) | 33 (26.40) | 3 (13.64) | 0.383# | 63 (18.05) | 32 (18.39) | 14 (19.44) | 0.961# |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 580.66±438.88 | 513.72±347.83 | 417.86±266.18 | 0.099* | 414.11±303.87 | 397.94±276.46 | 382.91±234.42 | 0.660* |
| Phosphorus intake (mg/day) | 1332.86±560.89 | 1208.05±568.58 | 1051.02±404.86 | 0.018* | 929.33±430.46 | 898.47±352.77 | 894.16±470.97 | 0.663* |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 7.37±2.44 | 10.7±2.57 | 13.38±2.88 | <.0001* | 9.08±2.73 | 12.54±2.55 | 15.53±3.45 | <.0001* |
| Total fat percentage (%) | 22.53±5.11 | 29.77±4.43 | 35.12±4.14 | <.0001* | 32.22±5.71 | 39.88±3.95 | 44.74±5.04 | <.0001* |
| ASM (kg) | 21.41±2.86 | 20±2.61 | 18.61±2.3 | <.0001* | 14.41±1.89 | 13.71±1.79 | 13.17±2.06 | <.0001* |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 87.34±14.85 | 87.11±18.91 | 77.23±17.97 | 0.020* | 87.92±15.35 | 88.66±17.42 | 90.18±18.46 | 0.579* |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 16.01±4.25 | 15.48±4.63 | 17.43±5.46 | 0.158* | 15.27±4.19 | 15.35±4.48 | 15.63±4.41 | 0.820* |
| 25OHD (ng/mL) | 18.34±5.92 | 17.49±5.65 | 16.17±4.89 | 0.129* | 16.38±6.45 | 17.03±6.03 | 15.94±7.32 | 0.442* |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 238.88±73.24 | 240.3±95.81 | 244.71±53.74 | 0.939* | 253.72±73.31 | 262.01±70.18 | 265.38±87.48 | 0.342* |
| Intact PTH | 64.87±24.74 | 62.7±19.44 | 67.9±18.34 | 0.546* | 66.24±26.26 | 67.25±24.82 | 76.33±37.29 | 0.025* |
| UACR (µg/mg) | 58.46±389.79 | 23.7±54.97 | 109.52±234.72 | 0.450* | 52.99±442.54 | 37.61±221.27 | 34.22±143.85 | 0.872* |
| Normoalbuminuria (%) | 311(90.14) | 106(84.80) | 12(54.55) | <.0001# | 309(88.54) | 151(86.78) | 65(90.28) | 0.817# |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 27(7.83) | 19(15.20) | 7(31.82) | 34(9.74) | 20(11.49) | 5(6.94) | ||
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 7(2.03) | 0(0.00) | 3(13.64) | 6(1.72) | 3(1.72) | 2(2.78) | ||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 102.76±27.34 | 109.13±26.62 | 119.19±39.41 | 0.006* | 99.06±21.95 | 101.68±23.39 | 112.28±34.2 | 0.0003* |
| HbA1c | 5.94±0.87 | 6.17±0.91 | 6.74±1.29 | <.0001* | 5.94±0.89 | 6.03±0.91 | 6.37±1.20 | 0.003* |
| TC (mg/dL) | 192.13±35.09 | 178.11±36.41 | 202.14±45.69 | 0.0004* | 204.33±36.97 | 201.27±37.78 | 195.95±38.38 | 0.230* |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 154.25±117.32 | 159.73±132.04 | 284.57±319.01 | 0.0001* | 138.64±95.39 | 138.23±78.43 | 142.97±79.4 | 0.929* |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.56±12.43 | 43.96±10.77 | 44.69±12.86 | 0.021* | 49.09±11.65 | 47.96±9.81 | 47.76±10.49 | 0.470* |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.93±33.13 | 100.79±32.41 | 92±40.04 | 0.041* | 126.97±35.35 | 124.92±34.47 | 120.29±30.08 | 0.795* |
ANOVA *, Chi-squared test #