Table 3.

Multivariable logistic analysis for association with DR and DME.^#

Response	Predictors	OR (95% CI)	P
DR	Fasting blood glucose	1.04 (0.94–1.15)	0.456
	HbA1C	1.14 (0.95–1.38)	0.155
	MAU	1.01 (1.00–1.01)	0.088
	Duration of diabetes	1.16 (1.11–1.22)	<0.0001
	Sex, male	0.79 (0.46–1.32)	0.361
	PINP	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.271
DME	Fasting blood glucose	1.19 (1.04–1.37)	0.011
	HbA1C	1.22 (0.92–1.61)	0.170
	MAU	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	0.172
	β-CTx*	0.36 (0.13–1.02)	0.053
	Duration of diabetes	1.23 (1.15–1.32)	<0.0001
	Sex, male	0.29 (0.12–0.71)	0.006
	PINP	1.02 (0.98–1.05)	0.345
	AZGP1	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.223
	FGF21	0.99 (0.93–1.04)	0.607

We included variables selected by purposeful selection.

AZGP1, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein; β-CTX, beta C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I; DR, diabetic retinopathy; DME, diabetic macular edema; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; MAU, microalbuminuria; PINP, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide.

^#one patient with a high level of AZGP1 was excluded from analysis.

^*β-CTX was log-transformed in analysis to account for skewness in the data.