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. 2017 Sep 22;18(10):2037. doi: 10.3390/ijms18102037

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cellular sources, targets, associated signaling cascades, and functions of various hCG isoforms in non-pregnant and pregnant women. LHCGR: luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor; TGFβR: transforming growth factor beta receptor; ?: hCG may bind to relevant receptor in target cells; Smad2: similar to drosophila gene ‘mothers against decapentaplegic’ 2; Gq: heterotrimeric G protein subunit that activates phospholipase C (PLC)-associated protein kinase C (PKC); Gs: heterotrimeric G protein subunit that activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling by activating adenylyl cyclase; hCH-S: sulfated hCG; hCG-H: hyperglycosylated hCG.