| APE1/Ref-1 | Aprinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 |
| Pi | Inorganic phosphate |
| VSMC | Vascular smooth muscle cell |
| LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase |
| ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
| Runx2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 |
| Pit-1 | Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1 |
| α-SMA | α-Smooth muscle actin |
| SM22α | Smooth muscle protein 22-α |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| NF-κB | Nuclear factor-kappa B |
| FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
| MOI | Multiplicity of infection |
| DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium |
| H2DCFDA | 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate |
| siRNA | Small-interfering RNA |
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