Figure 1.

Schematic representation of heat-responsive proteins involved in signal transduction pathway. Heat stress results in an inward flux of calcium and activation of G protein by phospholipase C (PLC), annexins and other proteins. Calcium binds the calmodulin (CaM) and calcium-binding protein (CaB), and then activates multiple kinases (e.g., CDPK and MAPK) and transcriptional regulators (e.g., MYB, WRKY and HSF). HSP70 and HSP90 negatively regulate the activity of HSFA1. BRI1-KD and annexin participate in the heat signal transduction through MAPK-activated stress response. Red and green triangles represent heat-increased and heat-decreased abundance of proteins, respectively. White triangle represents heat-increased phosphorylation level. Partly adopted from Mittler et al. [52].