Table 2.
Characteristics of the study subjects with or without cognitive impairment according to sex
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive impairment | Cognitive impairment | |||||
| Yes (n = 9) | No (n = 143) | p-value | Yes (n = 24) | No (n = 144) | p-value | |
| Age (year) | 80.11 ± 7.79 | 75.39 ± 5.09 | 0.038 | 76.29 ± 4.59 | 74.13 ± 4.7 | 0.033 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.37 ± 3.87 | 24.18 ± 2.91 | 0.109 | 23.73 ± 3.14 | 25.52 ± 3.58 | 0.016 |
| Height (cm) | 157.97 ± 5.99 | 162.34 ± 6.49 | 0.048 | 145.88 ± 5.31 | 148.05 ± 5.63 | 0.049 |
| Waist/height ratio | 0.51 ± 0.07 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.203 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.07 | 0.390 |
| Body composition | ||||||
| Body fat (%) | 20.12 ± 7.16 | 25.19 ± 7.7 | 0.076 | 31.38 ± 9.06 | 34.46 ± 8.38 | 0.076 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 14.03 ± 5.48 | 17.12 ± 4.88 | 0.082 | 16.97 ± 4.96 | 19.87 ± 5.69 | 0.014 |
| Total LBM (kg) | 41.98 ± 7.15 | 44.05 ± 5.94 | 0.480 | 33.31 ± 5.59 | 34.43 ± 4.36 | 0.029 |
| Arm LBM (kg) | 4.54 ± 0.98 | 4.99 ± 0.87 | 0.243 | 3.54 ± 0.82 | 3.63 ± 0.74 | 0.362 |
| Leg LBM (kg) | 13.22 ± 3.00 | 13.87 ± 2.29 | 0.637 | 10.09 ± 1.95 | 10.33 ± 1.66 | 0.180 |
| Total ASM (kg) | 16.65 ± 3.66 | 17.58 ± 2.84 | 0.615 | 12.80 ± 2.51 | 13.11 ± 2.13 | 0.255 |
| Arm SM (kg) | 4.25 ± 0.92 | 4.61 ± 0.85 | 0.305 | 3.33 ± 0.76 | 3.39 ± 0.72 | 0.367 |
| Leg SM (kg) | 12.40 ± 2.83 | 12.97 ± 2.15 | 0.665 | 9.48 ± 1.80 | 9.72 ± 1.56 | 0.180 |
| Arm BMC (kg) | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.28 | 0.018 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.23 ± 0.17 | 0.456 |
| Leg BMC (kg) | 0.82 ± 0.21 | 0.90 ± 0.16 | 0.195 | 0.61 ± 0.17 | 0.61 ± 0.14 | 0.472 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.67 ± 20.55 | 137.75 ± 15.89 | 0.509 | 140.62 ± 19.8 | 138.67 ± 16.24 | 0.702 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.67 ± 12.1 | 78.19 ± 8.86 | 0.392 | 76.92 ± 10.99 | 77.91 ± 7.98 | 0.908 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 112.89 ± 59.47 | 99.9 ± 22.22 | 0.745 | 94.42 ± 16.76 | 99.55 ± 31.04 | 0.605 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.58 ± 0.27 | 5.98 ± 0.93 | 0.195 | 5.77 ± 0.58 | 5.96 ± 0.77 | 0.147 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 1.22 ± 1.13 | 1.52 ± 0.78 | 0.205 | 1.71 ± 0.65 | 1.78 ± 0.71 | 0.295 |
| HOMA-IR | −0.13 ± 1.31 | 0.1 ± 0.87 | 0.407 | 0.24 ± 0.63 | 0.35 ± 0.79 | 0.338 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.11 ± 19.92 | 111.91 ± 35.32 | 0.372 | 114.12 ± 38.78 | 115.95 ± 32.06 | 0.924 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 3.94 ± 0.24 | 3.84 ± 0.26 | 0.232 | 3.88 ± 0.32 | 3.87 ± 0.24 | 0.861 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 4.66 ± 0.54 | 4.8 ± 0.57 | 0.491 | 4.71 ± 0.67 | 4.87 ± 0.51 | 0.117 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.43 ± 0.41 | 4.48 ± 0.36 | 0.606 | 4.33 ± 0.41 | 4.49 ± 0.28 | 0.051 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.2 ± 0.16 | 0.4 ± 1.44 | 0.738 | 0.62 ± 1.62 | 0.16 ± 0.19 | 0.138 |
| Testosterone (ng/ml) | 4.79 ± 2.33 | 5.23 ± 1.83 | 0.582 | 0.11 ± 0.1 | 0.12 ± 0.13 | 0.903 |
| e-GFR (mL/min/per 1.73 m2) | 88.7 ± 19.58 | 77.88 ± 17.92 | 0.057 | 76.16 ± 23.62 | 86.96 ± 17.98 | 0.017 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 2.48 ± 0.46 | 2.05 ± 0.55 | 0.026 | 2.37 ± 0.51 | 2.33 ± 0.51 | 0.724 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.31 ± 1.5 | 14.4 ± 1.66 | 0.776 | 12.66 ± 1.41 | 13.1 ± 1.01 | 0.236 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 50 ± 70.17 | 33.07 ± 30.99 | 0.304 | 30.21 ± 40.3 | 23.19 ± 26.19 | 0.678 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.84 ± 1.2 | 5.41 ± 1.49 | 0.275 | 4.29 ± 1.19 | 4.22 ± 1.17 | 0.879 |
| Comorbidities on treatment | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 3 (33.33%) | 72 (50.35%) | 0.495 | 8 (33.33%) | 82 (56.94%) | 0.032 |
| DM (%) | 2 (22.22%) | 24 (16.78%) | 0.652 | 2 (8.33%) | 20 (13.89%) | 0.744 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 2 (22.22%) | 61 (43.57%) | 0.303 | 16 (66.67%) | 91 (63.19%) | 0.743 |
| CVA (%) | 1 (11.11%) | 14 (9.79%) | 1.000 | 2 (8.33%) | 9 (6.25%) | 0.659 |
| MI (%) | 0 (0.00%) | 14 (9.79%) | 1.000 | 4 (16.67%) | 1 (0.69%) | 0.001 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Smoking (pack/year) | 32.41 ± 39.12 | 30.14 ± 27.94 | 0.842 | 1.12 ± 5.47 | 0.57 ± 4 | 0.849 |
| Alcohol (g/week) | 148.21 ± 238.27 | 153.03 ± 369.32 | 0.780 | 2.35 ± 8.68 | 8.87 ± 35.88 | 0.415 |
| Exercise | 0.722 | 0.705 | ||||
| < 3 times/week | 7 (77.78%) | 98 (68.53%) | 21 (87.50%) | 131 (90.97%) | ||
| ≥ 3 times/week | 2 (22.22%) | 45 (31.47%) | 3 (12.50%) | 13 (9.03%) | ||
| Education | 1.000 | 0.002 | ||||
| < 6 (years) | 1 (11.11%) | 28 (19.58%) | 21 (87.50%) | 78 (54.16%) | ||
| ≥ 6 (years) | 8 (88.89%) | 115 (80.42%) | 3 (12.50%) | 66 (45.83%) | ||
| GDS | 15.44 ± 6.69 | 13.45 ± 6.91 | 0.394 | 19.38 ± 4.98 | 16.11 ± 7.04 | 0.040 |
Abbreviations: BMC Bone mineral content, BMI Body mass index, CVA Cerebrovascular accident, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, DM Diabetes mellitus, e-GFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, GDS Geriatric depression scale, GGT Gamma glutamyl transferase, HDL High-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, K-MMSE Korean Mini-Mental State Examination, LBM Lean body mass, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, SBP Systolic blood pressure, SM Skeletal muscle mass. Adiponectin, HDL, HOMA-IR, insulin, and triglyceride were log-transformed because they were not normally distributed. The data describing comorbidities and treatments were obtained from structured questionnaires