Table 1.
Description, reliability and validity of outcome measures
| Construct | Instrument | Description | Reliability | Validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objective physical activity | GENEActiv Accelerometer | Wrist-worn accelerometers to measure frequency, duration and intensity of physical activity in real-time | Excellent overall intra- and inter- instrument reliability for activity count against a mechanical shaker (CVintra =1.4%, CVinter =2.1%) [59]. | r = 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84–0.94) when compared to indirect calorimetry [59]. |
| Self-reported physical activity | Active Australia Survey (AAS) [46]. | Self-report, 8-items, to measure frequency, duration, intensity and information about the type and context of physical activity | Test-retest reliability (24 h apart) of 0.52 (95% CI, 0.44–0.60 [60]. | Moderate correlation (r = 0.49–0.64, p < 0.01) when compared to objective accelerometry data [61]. |
| Quality of life | Short Form 12-Item Health Survey (SF-12) [48]. | Self-report, 12-items, health-related quality of life (mental and physical health) | Test-retest reliability (two weeks apart): Physical Component Summary 0.89, and Mental Component Summary 0.76 [48]. | SF-12 PCS and MCS scores are correlated with PCS-36 (r = 0.951) and MCS-36 (r = 0.969) and equates to an R 2 of 0.904 and 0.939, respectively [48]. SF-36 PCS, MCS and global scores are correlated with SIP Physical (r = 0.67), SIP Psychological (r = 0.70) and SIP Global (r = 0.78) [62]. |
| Emotional state | Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) [50]. | Self-report, 21-items, negative emotional states related to depression, anxiety and stress over the past week | Test-retest reliability (three weeks apart) 0.77 (95% CI, 0.56–0.88), 0.89 (95% CI, 0.81–0.94), and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.51–0.94) for Depression, Anxiety and Stress, respectively [63]. | Correlation coefficients of 0.79 for depression scale when compared to BDI, 0.85 for anxiety scale when compared to BAI, and 0.68 for stress scale when compared to STAI-T [64]. |
| Psychological well-being | PERMA-Profiler Measure [54]. | Self-report, 23-items, well-being and happiness in relation to the five components identified by Seligman: emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment [55]. | Test-retest reliability (two weeks apart) 0.84 for positive emotions, 0.78 for engagement, 0.83 for relationships, 0.86 for meaning and 0.80 for accomplishment [54]. | Correlation coefficients of 0.79 when compared to SWLS, 0.81 when compared to WEMWBS and 0.87 when compared to FS [54]. |
PCS Physical Composite Scale, MCS Mental Composite Scale, SIP Sickness Impact Profile, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – Trait Version, SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale, WEMWBS Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, FS Flourishing Scale