. 2017 Nov 15;124(1):211–227. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.024

Table 4.

Policy overview of reducing marine plastic in Vancouver, New York City, Miami Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Copenhagen, Mumbai, Hong Kong, Singapore and Sydney.

	Vancouver	New York	Miami Beach	Rio de Janeiro	Copenhagen	Mumbai	Hong Kong	Singapore	Sydney
Stormwater management	Integrated Stormwater Management Plan¹⁷; Climate Change Adaption Strategy¹⁹	Sustainable Stormwater Management Plan⁵, ⁶; OneNYC⁷, ⁶⁴	Stormwater Management Master Plan⁴⁶	No master plan but individual waterbodies and planning with the 2016 Olympics²⁴, ²⁹ ⁷¹	Cloudburst Management Plan⁷⁷; Climate Adaption Plan⁷⁶; runoff management²³	Government Recovery Plan⁶⁷; Stormwater drainage renovations⁴⁹	Drainage Master Plan Studies²⁸	Active, Beautiful Clean water⁶⁹; PUB managing stormwater^68,⁷⁰	Decentralised Water Master Plan⁸, ⁹, ¹⁵
Rainfall management	Integrated Stormwater Management Plan¹⁷; Climate Change Adaption Strategy¹⁹	OneNYC⁷, ⁶⁴; Green infrastructure projects⁵⁸, ⁶⁶	Disaster management ⁴⁴; Stormwater Management Master Plan⁴⁶	No master plan but individual waterbodies and planning with the 2016 Olympics²⁴, ²⁹ ⁷¹	Cloudburst Management Plan⁷⁷; Climate Adaption Plan⁷⁶	Government Recovery Plan⁶⁷; Disaster Management Monsoon Plan⁵⁰	Drainage Master Plan Studies²⁸	Active, Beautiful Clean water⁶⁹; PUB managing stormwater^68,⁷⁰	Decetralised Water Master Plan⁸, ⁹, ¹⁵
Municipal managed recycling	Greenest City Action Plan²⁰; Clean Streets Program¹⁸; recycling guidelines²²	Formal recycling³⁷, ⁶³; media campaigns⁶⁵	Formal recycling scheme⁴⁷, ⁴⁸	Formal recycling but informal market larger⁸⁵; 2016 Olympics plans⁷¹	Waste and Resource Management Plan⁷⁸	No formal recycling	Blueprint for Sustainable Use and formal recycling³¹	Formal recycling schemes⁵⁵, ⁵⁷	Formal recycling scheme¹²
Individual/citizen recycling	Bottle deposit scheme³⁰	Bottle deposit scheme⁵⁹	Not to date	Informal market for materials⁸⁵	Bottle deposit scheme⁷⁹	Co-ops and neighborhood initiatives²⁷	Producer responsibility towards glass³¹	Not to date	Street recycling¹⁰, ¹³
Littering laws	Littering fines¹⁶; Keep Vancouver Spectacular²¹	Littering fines⁴¹, ⁵³	Littering fines⁴⁵	Littering fines⁷²	Littering fines⁷⁴	Littering fines⁵¹	Littering fines⁴⁰; shame campaigns⁸⁶	Littering fines⁴²	Littering fines (regional managed)⁶⁰, ⁶¹
Smoking laws	Bans in indoor public places³⁸	Bans in indoor public places and outdoor public parks and beaches⁶²	Bans in indoor public places (bars exempt) yet local government can't make further bans⁸²	Bans in indoor public places (federal law)¹	Bans in indoor public spaces³	Bans in public places⁸¹	Bans in indoor public places and outdoor public parks and beaches³⁶	Ban in indoor public places and some outdoor public places⁵⁶	Bans in indoor public places and some outdoor public places¹¹; free ashtrays¹⁴
Taxes on materials	Not to date	Plastic bag tax passed the city legislator³⁹	Not to date	Not to date	Plastic bag tax⁸⁰	Not to date	Plastic bag tax³³	Not to date	Not to date
Bans on materials	Not to date	Not to date	Straws on the beach banned⁵²	Plastic bags in stores banned²⁵	Not explicit	Plastic bags less than 50 μm banned⁸⁴	Not explicit	Not to date	Not to date
Beach management	Campaigns organized outside of city government. Example: Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup⁸³	Campaigns organized outside of city government. Example: American Littoral Society²	Adopt-a-beach⁴³; partnerships with ECOMB³²	Cleanup projects through the city⁴, ⁷¹	Not Explicit	Not explicit	Cleanup projects through the city³⁴	Localized campaigns through the city⁵⁴, ⁷⁵	Coastal cleanup⁷³
Marine management	Not explicit	Education programs and cleanups⁶⁵	Not explicit	Cleanup projects through the city⁴, ⁷¹	Harbor cleanup with reducing CSO²³, ²⁶	Not explicit	Cleanup projects³⁴; follow international laws³⁵	Not explicit	Active harbor cleaning⁷³

Alves, L. (2014), The Rio Times, ‘Ample anti-smoking law implemented in Brazil’ (WWW), Available at: http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/ample-anti-smoking-law-implemented-in-brazil/; Accessed 2/8/16.

American Littoral Society (n.d.) ‘Marine debris’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.littoralsociety.org/index.php/programs/habitat-restoration/marine-debris; Accessed 2/8/16.

Americans for Nonsmokers Rights (2014) ‘Denmark’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.no-smoke.org/goingsmokefree.php?id=635; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴

Byrnes, M. (2014), City Lab, ‘Rio's relentless beach pollution’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.citylab.com/politics/2014/03/rios-relentless-beach-pollution/8729/; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵

City of New York (2008) Sustainable Stormwater Management Plan, New York City: PlaNYC.

⁶

City of New York (2012) Sustainable Stormwater Management Plan: Progress Report October 2012, New York City: PlaNYC.

⁷

City of New York (2016) ‘OneNYC’ (WWW), Available at: http://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/index.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁸

City of Sydney (2012a) Decentralised Water Master Plan 2012–2030, Sydney: City of Sydney.

⁹

City of Sydney (2012b) Decentralised Water Master Plan: WSUD and Stormwater Infrastructure Report, Sydney: City of Sydney.

¹⁰

City of Sydney (2014) ‘Cash for containers’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/live/waste-and-recycling/clean-streets/envirobank-reverse-vending-machines/cash-for-containers; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹¹

City of Sydney (2016a) ‘Cigarette butts’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/live/waste-and-recycling/clean-streets/yuk-cigarette-butts; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹²

City of Sydney (2016b) ‘Recycling’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/live/waste-and-recycling/recycling; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹³

City of Sydney (2016c) ‘Recycling machines’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/live/waste-and-recycling/clean-streets/envirobank-reverse-vending-machines; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹⁴

City of Sydney (2016d) ‘Smoking in public places’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/community/health-and-safety/smoking-in-public-places; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹⁵

City of Sydney (n.d.) Sustainable Sydney 2030: Snapshot, Sydney: City of Sydney.

¹⁶

City of Vancouver (2016a) ‘Abandoned garbage and illegal dumping’ (WWW), Available at: http://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/abandoned-garbage-and-illegal-dumping.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹⁷

City of Vancouver (2016b) ‘Citywide integrated rainwater management plan’ (WWW), Available at: http://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/city-wide-integrated-stormwater-management-plan.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹⁸

City of Vancouver (2016c) ‘Clean Streets program’ (WWW), Available at: http://vancouver.ca/people-programs/clean-streets-program.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

¹⁹

City of Vancouver (2016d) ‘Climate change adaption strategy’ (WWW), Available at: http://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/climate-change-adaptation-strategy.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

²⁰

City of Vancouver (2016e) ‘Greenest city action plan’ (WWW), Available at: http://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/greenest-city-action-plan.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

²¹

City of Vancouver (2016f) ‘Keep Vancouver spectacular’ (WWW), Available at: http://vancouver.ca/people-programs/keep-vancouver-spectacular.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

²²

City of Vancouver (2016g) ‘Recycling guidelines and service’ (WWW), Available at: http://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/recycling.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

²³

Clauson-Kaas, J., Sorensen, S., Johansen, N.B. and Nielsen, J.B. (2008) ‘Run-off management in Copenhagen Harbour’, 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2008.

²⁴

Columbia University (n.d.) ‘Water management system of the Rio de Janeiro city’ (WWW), Available at: http://engineering.columbia.edu/files/engineering/design-water-resource06.pdf; Accessed 2/8/16.

²⁵

De Biagio, F. (2010), 20BN America, ‘Plastic bag restrictions come into force in Rio de Janeiro’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/petrochemicals/Plastic_bag_restrictions_come_into_force_in_Rio_de_Janeiro; Accessed 2/8/16.

²⁶

Denmark.dk (2016) ‘Swimming in Copenhagen Harbor’ (WWW), Available at: http://denmark.dk/en/green-living/copenhagen/swimming-in-copenhagen-harbour; Accessed 2/8/16.

²⁷

Dharavi Market (2012) ‘Recycling Mumbai’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.dharavimarket.com/community/Recycling/; Accessed 2/8/16.

²⁸

Drainage Services Department (2014) ‘Drainage Master Plan Studies and Drainage Studies’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.dsd.gov.hk/EN/Flood_Prevention/Long_Term_Improvement_Measures/Drainage_Master_Plan_Studies_and_Drainage_Studies/index.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

²⁹

Duarte, M.A., da Fonseca, P.L. and Pimentel da Silva, L. (2011) ‘Sustainable systems management- Opportunities and challenges for the implementation of the Urban Master Plan regarding stormwater management from the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’, 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 11–16 September 2011.

³⁰

Encorp (2016) ‘Deposits, fees, and other container types’ (WWW), Available at: https://www.return-it.ca/beverage/products/; Accessed 2/8/16.

³¹

Environment Bureau (2013) Hong Kong Blueprint for Sustainable Use of Resources 2013–2022, Hong Kong; Environment Bureau.

³²

Environmental Coalition of Miami and the Beaches (ecomb) (2010) ‘Litter prevention’ (WWW), Available at: http://ecomb.org/programs/litter-prevention/; Accessed 2/8/16.

³³

Environmental Protection Department (2015) ‘Environmental levy scheme on plastic shopping bags’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/pro_responsibility/env_levy.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

³⁴

Environmental Protection Department (2016) ‘Clean Shorlines’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/clean_shorelines/index-2.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

³⁵

GovHK (2015) ‘Environmental laws and regulations’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/business/laws.htm; Accessed 2/8/16.

³⁶

GovHK (2016) ‘Tobacco control’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/health/addictions/smoking/tobaccocontrol.htm; Accessed 2/8/16.

³⁷

Grow NYC (2015) ‘What to recycle in New York City’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.grownyc.org/recycling/whattorecycle; Accessed 2/8/16.

³⁸

Health By-Law No. 9535 (2015), Vancouver: Council of the City of Vancouver.

³⁹

Heins, S. (2016) ‘NYC plastic bag fee postponed until next year’ (WWW), Available at: http://gothamist.com/2016/06/22/plastic_bag_valentines.php, Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴⁰

Hong Kong Police Force (2016) ‘Laws of Hong Kong to be observed’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_en/11_useful_info/filming/laws.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴¹

Justia (2006) ‘2006 New York Code- Littering Prohibited’ (WWW), Available at: http://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2006/new-york-city-administrative-code-new/adc016-118_16-118.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴²

Khew, C. (2015), The Straits Times, ‘Current measures against littering in Singapore’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/current-measures-against-littering-in-singapore; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴³

Miami Beach (2016a) ‘Adopt-a-Beach’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/green/default.aspx?id=63494; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴⁴

Miami Beach (2016b) ‘Flood safety awareness’ (WWW), Available at: http://miamibeachfl.gov/dEM/scroll.aspx?id=59285; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴⁵

Miami Beach (2016c) ‘Keep Miami Beach clean’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/litter/; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴⁶

Miami Beach (2016d) ‘Public works- storm water’ (WWW), Available at: http://miamibeachfl.gov/publicworks/scroll.aspx?id=27280; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴⁷

Miami Beach (2016e) ‘Recycling’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/recycle/; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴⁸

Miami Beach (2016f) ‘Recycling ordinance’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/recycle/scroll.aspx?id=71525; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁴⁹

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (n.d.) ‘Storm water drainage’ (WWW), Available at: http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_1112123912121BRIMSTOWADreportonStormWaterDrainage.pdf; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵⁰

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (2016a) ‘Disaster Management’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qldma?guest_user=english#; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵¹

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (2016b) ‘Greater Mumbai Cleanliness and Sanitation Byelaws 2006’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlblaw; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵²

Munzenrieder, K. (2012), Miami New Times, ‘Miami Beach has banned plastic straws’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/miami-beach-has-banned-plastic-straws-6547654; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵³

National Conference of State Legislateres (NCSL) (2014) ‘States with littering penalties’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/states-with-littering-penalties.aspx; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵⁴

National Environment Agency (2015) ‘Clean Singapore Learning Trail (Beaches)’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.nea.gov.sg/events-programmes/programmes/schools-youth/clean-singapore-learning-trail-beaches; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵⁵

National Environment Agency (2016a) ‘National Recycling Programme’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.nea.gov.sg/energy-waste/3rs/national-recycling-programme; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵⁶

National Environment Agency (2016b) ‘Smoking prohibited’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.nea.gov.sg/public-health/smoking; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵⁷

National Environment Agency (2016c) ‘Waste minimization and recycling’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.nea.gov.sg/energy-waste/3rs; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵⁸

National Resource Defense Council (n.d.) ‘New York, New York: A case study of how green infrastructure is helping manage urban stormwater challenges’ (WWW), Available at: https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/RooftopstoRivers_NewYork.pdf; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁵⁹

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2016) ‘Frequently asked questions about the bottle bill’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/57687.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁶⁰

NSW EPA (2015) ‘Litter laws’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/litter/laws.htm; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁶¹

NSW EPA (2016) ‘Litter fines’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/litter/fines.htm; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁶²

NYC Coalition for a Smoke-Free City (n.d.) ‘Existing legislation’ (WWW), Available at: http://nycsmokefree.org/existing-legislation; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁶³

NYC Department of Sanitation (2015) ‘Zero waste’ (WWW), Available at: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/zerowaste/residents.shtml; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁶⁴

NYC Environmental Protection (2015a) One New York City: One Water, New York City: NYC Environmental Protection.

⁶⁵

NYC Environmental Protection (2015b) Trash Free NYC Waters: A Plan to Reduce Marine Debris through a Media Campaign, New York City: NYC Environmental Protection.

⁶⁶

NYC Environmental Protection (2016) ‘Green Infrastructure Plan and reports’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/stormwater/nyc_green_infrastructure_plan.shtml; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁶⁷

Phatak, J. (n.d.) ‘Management of urban floods in Mumbai, India’ (Powerpoint Presentation), Unknown location and date, provided by UNISDR, May 2012.

⁶⁸

PUB (2014) Managing Stormwater for Our Future, Singapore: PUB.

⁶⁹

PUB (2016a) ‘Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Programme’ (WWW), Available at: https://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁷⁰

PUB (2016b) ‘Stormwater management’ (WWW), Available at: https://www.pub.gov.sg/drainage/stormwatermanagement; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁷¹

Rio 2016 (2013) Sustainability Management Plan: Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, Rio de Janeiro: Rio 2016.

⁷²

Rio Uncovered (2013) ‘Fines for littering in Rio de Janeiro come into force’ (WWW), Available at: http://riouncovered.com/fines-for-littering-in-rio-de-janeiro-come-into-force/; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁷³

Roads and Maritime (2014) ‘Sydney Harbor environmental services’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/about/environment/sustainability/sydney-harbour.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁷⁴

Rychla, L. (2016), Copenhagen Post, ‘Danes want stiffer fines for littering’ (WWW), Available at: http://cphpost.dk/news/danes-want-stiffer-fines-for-littering.html; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁷⁵

Tay, E. (2014), Green Future Solutions, ‘Insights on marine trash in Singapore’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.greenfuture.sg/2014/08/12/insights-on-marine-trash-in-singapore/; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁷⁶

The City of Copenhagen (2011) Copenhagen Climate Adaption Plan, Copenhagen: City of Copenhagen.

⁷⁷

The City of Copenhagen (2012) Cloudburst Management Plan 2012, Copenhagen: City of Copenhagen.

⁷⁸

The City of Copenhagen (2014) Resource and Waste Management Plan 2018, Copenhagen: City of Copenhagen.

⁷⁹

The City of Copenhagen (2016) ‘How do I recycle bottles?’ (WWW), Available at: http://international.kk.dk/artikel/how-do-i-recycle-bottles; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁸⁰

The Danish Ecological Council (n.d.) Fact Sheet: Tax on Plastic Bags, Copenhagen: The Danish Ecological Council.

⁸¹

Tobacco Control Laws (2015) ‘Country details for India’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/legislation/country/india/summary; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁸²

US Legal (2016) ‘Smoking regulations in Florida’ (WWW), Available at: http://smoking.uslegal.com/smoking-regulations-in-florida/; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁸³

Vancouver Aquarium (2016) ‘Great Canadian shoreline cleanup’ (WWW), Available at: http://shorelinecleanup.ca/; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁸⁴

Vyas, S. (2010), The Times of India, ‘Plastic bags: No ban, only penalty’ (WWW), Available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Plastic-bags-No-ban-only-penalty/articleshow/5414807.cms; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁸⁵

Wilkes, C. (2015), Rio on Watch, ‘Recycling in Rio de Janeiro: An overview’ (WWW), Available at: http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=21419; Accessed 2/8/16.

⁸⁶

Worland, J. (2015), Time, ‘Hong Kong anti-littering campaign uses DNA from trash to shame people’ (WWW), Available at: http://time.com/3890499/hong-kong-littering-campaign/; Accessed 2/8/16.