Table 2.
Risk assessment measures, instruments, and contents
| Domains | Instrument/data source | Content |
|---|---|---|
| Prenatal | Prenatal Psychosocial Scale a (Liu and Raine, unpublished manuscript) | Measures individual stress, support from partner, and support from others |
| Prenatal Life Events Scalea (Liu and Raine, unpublished manuscript) | • Prenatal psychosocial history | |
| • Measures the number of life events that have happened to the participant or someone close to her since she has been pregnant and her perception of how each event affected her | ||
| Revised Lewis Murray Scale a (Lewis et al., 1989; Liu and Raine, unpublished manuscript) | Rates 15 obstetric complications as absent or definitely present | |
| Family History‐Research Diagnostic Criteria a (Andreasen et al., 1977) | Collects information concerning family history and provides criteria for diagnoses | |
| Psychosocial | Conflict Tactics Scale a, b (Straus et al., 1996) | Assesses Child Abuse/Domestic Violence through measures of Verbal Aggression, and Violence within the family |
| Satisfaction with Life Scale a, b (Diener et al., 1985) | Measures global life satisfaction by making an overall judgment of life | |
| Alabama Parenting Questionnaire a (Frick, 1991) | Measures several dimensions of parenting proven to be important for understanding the causes of conduct problems and delinquency in youth | |
| Demographics Survey a (Frick, 1991) | Collects key demographic information including ethnicity, family income, parental education, parental occupation, living conditions, etc. | |
| Neighborhood Characteristics Questionnaire a (Raine, unpublished manuscript) | Used to study community influences on delinquency in adolescent males and includes measures of informal neighboring, neighborhood attachment, network size and breadth, neighborhood‐level organizational involvement, neighborhood anomie, local personal ties, social disorder, conflict subculture, and illegal economy | |
| Parental Stress Index a (Abidin, 1990) | Identifies potentially dysfunctional parent–child systems, predicts potential for parental behavior problems, and predicts children's future psychosocial adjustment | |
| Emotion Regulation Scale a (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) | Assesses clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation | |
| Personality | Antisocial Process Screening Device a (Frick and Hare, 2001) | • Screens for Antisocial Personality Disorder or psychopathy. |
| • Rates the characteristic psychopathic pattern of interpersonal, affective, and behavioral symptoms. | ||
| Child Behavior Checklist a, b (Achenbach, 1991) | • Evaluates maladaptive behavioral and emotional problems | |
| • Internalizing/externalizing behaviors | ||
| Reactive Proactive Questionnaire b (Raine et al., 2006) | Measures reactive/proactive aggression | |
| Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scale (CASES) b (Raine, unpublished manuscript) | Measures empathy in three domains: cognitive, affective and motor | |
| Baumeister Self Control Scale b (Tangney et al., 2004) | Assesses people's ability to control their impulses, alter their emotions and thoughts, and to interrupt undesired behavioral tendencies and refrain from acting on them | |
| Aggression Questionnaire b (Buss and Perry, 1992) | Measures aggression on four scales: Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility. | |
| Grit Scaleb (Duckworth et al., 2007) | Measures trait‐level perseverance and passion for long‐term goals | |
| Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire b (Raine, 1991) | Screens for scale for schizotypal personality disorder and contains subscales for all nine schizotypal traits. | |
| Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire b (Zuckerman, 2002) | Assesses the five basic personality traits: Impulsive Sensation Seeking (ImpSS), Neuroticism‐Anxiety (N‐Anx), Aggression‐Hostility (Agg‐ Hos), Activity, and Sociability (Soc). | |
| Adolescent Development Scale b (Morris and Udry, 1980) | Measures adolescents' self‐reported development in male genitalia, testicular size, male pubic hair, female breasts, and female pubic hair. | |
| Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Questionnaire (CODD Questionnaire) b (Raine, unpublished manuscript) | Dimensional measures of: | |
| • Conduct Disorder | ||
| • Oppositional Defiant Disorder | ||
| Psychophysiology | Electrodermal | • Rest |
| Cardiovascular | • Orienting | |
| EEG | • Fear conditioning | |
| Event‐related potentialsb | • Social Stressor | |
| • P300 oddball | ||
| • Positive and Negative Affect stimuli | ||
| Neuroendocrinology | Saliva samples | • Testosterone |
| • Cortisol | ||
| • Alpha‐amylase | ||
| • DHEA‐S | ||
| Environmental Toxins | Substance Use Surveyb | Substance abuse/usage history |
| X‐ray florescence b | Tibial bone lead | |
| Urine Sample b | Biomarkers for exposure to organophosphates and pesticides | |
| Nutrition Food Recalls | Food/Dietary Recall Questionnaire a, b (Schakel et al., 1988; Schakel, 2001; Schakel et al., 1997) | Collects information about dietary habits and nutritional status |
| Basic Physiology | Physical exam b | Height and Weight |
| Head Injuries | Head Injury Survey a (Jacobs, 1988) | History of head injuries during childhood |
| Blood Analyses | Fasting blood samples b | • Omega‐3 fatty acids |
| • Calcium | ||
| • Cholesterol | ||
| • Glucose | ||
| • Serum ferritin | ||
| • Vitamin D | ||
| • Parathyroid hormone | ||
| Neurocognition | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children b (Wechsler, 2004) | Assesses a child's cognitive ability between the ages of six and 16 and can be completed without reading or writing |
| Penn Web‐Based Computerized | Domains Tested: | |
| Neurocognitive Battery (WebCNP) | • Abstraction and Mental Flexibility | |
| b (Gur et al., 2010) | • Sensory‐Motor Dexterity | |
| • Spatial Learning and Memory | ||
| • Verbal Memory | ||
| • Emotion Processing | ||
| • Attention | ||
| Neuroimaging | Anatomical MRI | • Gray, white, and CSF volumes |
| Functional MRI | • Activation to Face Emotion Perception Task and Modified Balloon Analog Risk Task | |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging b | • White matter tractography | |
| Genetics | Blood b | • MAOA |
| • 5‐HTTLPR | ||
| • BDNF | ||
| • COMT | ||
| • DRD2 |
a
Completed by parents.
b
Completed by child.