Table 2. Change in serum HMGB1 in paired samples (baseline and 96 weeks) in PIVENS and TONIC participants by Treatment Group.

Clinical trial	Mean (± SD) change in HMGB1 from baseline to 96 weeks (ng/mL)			P*
	Treatment group
PIVENS	Placebo (n = 42)	Pioglitazone (n = 42)	Vitamin E (n = 41)	Vitamin E vs. Placebo	Pioglitazone vs. Placebo
	-0.5 ± 2.6	-0.2 ± 2.1	-0.5 ± 2.2	0.83	0.84
TONIC	Placebo (n = 32)	Metformin (n = 40)	Vitamin E (n = 37)	Vitamin E vs. Placebo	Metformin vs. Placebo
	-0.1 ± 1.9	-0.2 ± 2.1	-0.7 ± 3.4	0.29	0.91

* For the mean change in scores, P values were calculated with multiple linear regression models with two indicator variables for the effect of treatment versus placebo, adjusting for the baseline value of the outcome.