Table 1.

Molecular mechanism of cancer cell dormancy and reactivation

Molecular mechanism	Dormancy	Reactivation	Uncertain
Intracellular signals	p38MAPK,50 p16,50 p21,62 p27,19 p53,50 MKK4,58,59 NR2F1/RARβ/SOX967	ERKMAPK,50 PI3K/AKT,60 GILZ,62 FOXO3A62	JNK56,57
Extracellular signals	TGFβ2/TGFβ-RIII,68 BMP7/BMPR2,73 BMP4,76 AXL/GAS6,82–84 TBK1,88 miR122(3)/miR23b,91,92 LIFR/STAT3/SOCS3,108 DEC219	TGF-β3,66 MERTK,85 POSTN,89 SFK,125 Fra-1,87 Coco69	LTBP-2,64 Tyro3,87 TGF-β165
Bone marrow niche	atRA,67 HIGD1A,110,111 PP2A112	VCAM-1,79 Zeb1,120 HIF-1α,21 LOXL2102