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. 2017 Oct 27;12:7937–7946. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S140977

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© 2017 Smilowitz et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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(A) Normal bladder without BBN treatment or AuNPs at 40×. (B) High-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer induced by BBN presenting at 22 weeks at 40× and (C) at 200×. (D) Gold enhanced normal bladder without BBN treatment or AuNPs at 40× illustrates average level of background noise from gold enhancement. (E) AuNPs aggregating in the stroma surrounding tumor cells. (F) AuNPs deposit all the way out to the outer edge of the bladder enveloping tumor masses.

Abbreviations: AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; BBN, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.