Table 2.

Clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy.

Disease	Sample size	Study Period	MSC source	Dosage	Administration Route	Effects	Clinical Trial Stage	Reference
GvHD	55 Adults	60 months	Allogeneic BM-MSCs	0.4–9 × 106/ kg, 1–5 doses	I.V	CR (30/55) PR (9/55), NR (16/55) Increase overall survival in CR, no adverse events	Phase II	Le Blanc K et al, 2008[137]
GvHD	31 Adults	28 days	Allogeneic BM-MSCs	2 or 8 × 106/ kg, 1 dose	I.V	CR (24/31), PR (5/31)NR (2/31), no adverse events.	Phase II	Kebriaei P et al, 2009[136]
GvHD	2 Children	18 months	UC-MSCs	3.3 – 8.0 × 106/kg, 4 doses	I.V	CR (2), no adverse events.	Case Report	Wu KH et al, 2011[139]
GvHD	13 Adults	257 days	Allogeneic BM-MSC	0.9–1.1 × 106/ kg, 2 doses	I.V	CR (2/13) PR (5/13), NR (6/13), no adverse events	Case series	Von Bonin M et al, 2009[138]
SLE	40 Adults	12 months	UC-MSCs	1×106/kg, 2 dose	I.V	CR (13/40), P (11/40), NR (16/40), 7 recurrence, no adverse events.		Wang D et al, 2014[140]
SLE	35 Adults	21 months	8 receive BM-MSCs and 27 UC-MSCs	1×106/kg/1–3 doses	I.V	CR (33/35), recurrence (2/35), Increase in Treg and decrease of Th17. No adverse events		Li X et al, 2013[145]
SLE	87 Adults	27 months (mean)	BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs	1×106/kg/ 1 dose	I.V	CR (43/87)at 4 years, P/NR (44/87), relapse 20/87at 4 years, no adverse events	Phase I/II	Wang D et al, 2013[141]
Multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	MS: 15 Adults ALS: 19 Adults	6 months	Autologous BM-MSCs	MS: 6.32 × 107/kg ALS: 1.74 × 107. 1 dose	Intrathecal and I.V	CR (20/34), P/NR (14/30), no adverse events	Phase I/II	Karussis D et al, 2010[143]
Multiple sclerosis	10 Adults	10 months	Autogenous BM-MSCs	(1.1 – 2.0) × 106/kg. 1 dose	I.V	CR (10/10), improvement in visual acuity, visual evoked response latency and optic nerve area. No significant adverse events.	Phase IIA	Connick P et al, 2012[144]
Diabetes	41 Adults	24 months	Autologous BM-MSCs	Non state	I.M	Improved painless walking time, ankle-brachial index, transcutaneous oxygen pressure and magnetic resonance angiography. No serious adverse events	Phase I	Lu D et al, 2011[148]
Type 1 Diabetes	29 Adolescents	21 months	Allogeneic UC- MSCs	(1.5 – 3.2 × 107/kg	I.V	CR (3/15), P (9/15), NR (3/15) Improved recovery and regeneration of islet B-cells. No serious adverse events		Hu J. et al, 2013[146]
Type 1 Diabetes	11	23 months	Allogeneic ADMSCs	4.6 × 107 −2.48 × 108 cells/dose (range)	I.V(Intraportal)	CR (11/11), Gradual decrease in insulin requirements and in Hb1Ac. No adverse events		Vanikar AV et al, 2010[147]
Type 2 Diabetes	10 Adults	3 Months	Allogeneic placenta derived MSCs	1.35 × 106/kg, 3 doses	I.V	CR (10/10) Decrease in insulin requirements. No adverse events	Phase I	Jiang R et al, 2011[149]
Type 2 Diabetes	22 Adults	12 months	UC-MSCs	1 × 106/kg, 2 doses	I.V	CR (17/22) PR/NR (5/22) Improvement in B cell function, systemic inflammation (IL-6 and IL-1B) and T cells counts (CD3+ and CD4+). Adverse events (2/22)	Phase I/II	Liu X et al, 2014[150]
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis	8 Adults	6 months	Allogeneic Placenta derived MSCs	1 × 106/kg or 2 × 106/kg	I.V	PR/NR (8/8). Small bowel obstruction, left lower lobe consolidation and mild episodes of bronchitis were reported as side effects (3/8)	Phase 1b	Chambers DC et al, 2013[151]
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis	14 Adults	12 months	Autologous AD-MSCs	1.5 × 106/kg, 3 doses	Endobronchial	NR (14/14) Worsening cough and dyspnea were reported as adverse events (2/14)	Phase 1b	Tzouvelekis A et al, 2013[156]

Abbreviations: GvHD: graft versus host disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSC: umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell, BM-MSC: bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell; AD-MSC: adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell; I.V: intravenous; I.M: intramuscular; CR: complete response; PR: partial response; NR: no response.