Table 6. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of dementia risk associated with CHPs used by migraine patients in Taiwan.
| CHPs | Dementia | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | No. of events | Crude* | Adjusted† | |
| Non-TCM user | 1402 | 66 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Single CHP | ||||
| Yan-Hu-Suo | 441 | 15 | 0.56 (0.32–0.98)* | 0.50 (0.28–0.89)* |
| Da-Huang | 207 | 5 | 0.40 (0.16–0.98)* | 0.36 (0.14–0.93)* |
| Ge-Gen | 328 | 7 | 0.35 (0.16–0.76)** | 0.29 (0.13–0.65)** |
| Dan-Shen | 284 | 9 | 0.54 (0.27–1.09) | 0.57 (0.28–1.18) |
| Bai-Zhi | 285 | 7 | 0.40 (0.18–0.87)* | 0.44 (0.20–0.97)* |
| Zhe-Bei-Mu | 263 | 6 | 0.37 (0.16–0.86)* | 0.36 (0.15–0.86)* |
| Chuan-Xiong | 273 | 13 | 0.76 (0.42–1.38) | 0.57 (0.31–1.07) |
| Huang-Qin | 267 | 2 | 0.12 (0.03–0.50)** | 0.16 (0.04–0.65)* |
| Jie-Geng | 248 | 7 | 0.46 (0.21–1.01) | 0.46 (0.21–1.02) |
| Gan-Cao | 255 | 6 | 0.39 (0.17–0.89)* | 0.33 (0.14–0.78)* |
| Formulae CHP | ||||
| Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San | 362 | 13 | 0.59 (0.32–1.07) | 0.69 (0.36–1.30) |
| Chuan-Xiong-Cha-Tiao-San | 338 | 12 | 0.57 (0.31–1.06) | 0.49 (0.26–0.93)* |
| Shu-Jing-Huo-Xie-Tang | 401 | 15 | 0.60 (0.34–1.06) | 0.49 (0.28–0.88)* |
| Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan | 179 | 5 | 0.46 (0.18–1.14) | 0.35 (0.14–0.87)* |
| Ger-Gen-Tang | 357 | 9 | 0.42 (0.21–0.84)* | 0.50 (0.25–1.02) |
| Ban-Xia-Xie-Xin-Tang | 238 | 4 | 0.27 (0.10–0.75)* | 0.25 (0.09–0.71)** |
| Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang | 278 | 8 | 0.45 (0.22–0.95)* | 0.39 (0.18–0.83)* |
| Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang | 363 | 11 | 0.49 (0.26–0.92)* | 0.42 (0.22–0.82)* |
| Siang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang | 197 | 6 | 0.49 (0.21–1.13) | 0.41 (0.17–0.98)* |
| Zhi-Gan-Cao-Tang | 193 | 7 | 0.62 (0.28–1.36) | 0.42 (0.19–0.94)* |
Abbreviations: CHP, Chinese herbal product; HR, hazard ratio; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine.
Crude HR*represents the relative hazard ratio. Adjusted HR† represents the adjusted hazard ratio; mutually adjusted for Chinese herb usage, age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, head injury, depression, hyperlipidemia, stroke, mental disorders, chronic kidney disease, and renal dialysis in the Cox proportional hazards regression.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.