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. 2017 Nov 2;7:14940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14780-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dietary palmitic acid inhibits IL-4 and IFN- γ production by iNKT cells via ER stress in the presence of TCR stimulation in vivo. (a) Serum levels of palmitic acid were estimated in C57BL/6 mice fed a normal chow diet (NCD), palmitic acid-rich diet (PRD), or a control diet (CD) for 4 weeks. The CD contained similar amount of calories as those of the PRD, but minimal palmitic acid. The serum concentration of palmitic acid and body weight of C57BL/6 and Jα18 Knockout (KO) mice were measured. (b) The percentages of iNKT cells in the visceral fat, liver, spleen, and inguinal lymph nodes were analyzed. The levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in (c) the serum of C57BL/6 or Jα18 KO mice fed the NCD, CD, or PRD in the presence of (right panel) or absence (left panel) intraperitoneal STF083010 (20 mg/kg) injection every week for 4 weeks after α-GalCer injection and in (d) the supernatant of hepatic mononuclear cells from these mice in the presence of α-GalCer. (e) The expression levels of Hspa5, spliced xbp-1, Sec 61a1, Edem1, Pcyt1a, Dnajb9, Sec 63, Dnajc3, Atf4, Ddit3, and Ppp1r15a in hepatic iNKT cells obtained from C57BL/6 mice fed the NCD, CD, or PRD for 1 week using real time PCR. n = 12 per group in a; n = 6 per group in b, d and e; n = 9 per group in c. Data were pooled from three independent experiments and analyzed. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005.