Fig. 8.

Deregulation of the IMD pathway and intestinal dysplasia in autophagy-deficient flies is induced by commensal bacteria. a Analysis of Dpt mRNA levels in flies reared in conventional or axenic conditions. b–d Confocal images of fat bodies from conventionally reared wild-type b, Atg8a c and Atg7 d mutant adult flies stained for Relish (gray) and nuclei (blue). Scale bars are 5 µm. e Analysis of Dpt mRNA levels in conventionally reared Atg8a/Kenny double mutant flies. f–k Confocal images of posterior midguts stained for phospho-H3 (pH3, green) from wild-type f, i, Atg8a g, j and Atg7 h, k mutant flies reared in conventional f–h or axenic conditions i–k. Arrowheads show pH3-positive cells. Scale bars are 20 µm. l Quantification of the percentage of pH3-positive cells per picture. m Quantification of the number of deposits per 10 flies. Bar charts show means ± s.d. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001