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Schematic model of the proposed mechanisms of mtROS induction by low glucose conditions. Low glucose conditions increased mtROS generation through fatty acid oxidation in endothelial cells (ECs). Low glucose‐induced mtROS inhibited the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and increased the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) or intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1). CTP1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
