Table 1.
Metabolites examined during metabolome analysis
| 5.5 mmol/L glucose | 2.5 mmol/L glucose | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose 6‐phosphate | 39.3 ± 8.0 | 31.1 ± 20.9 | 0.58 |
| Fructose 6‐phosphate | 10.7 ± 1.4 | 10.3 ± 5.4 | 0.92 |
| Fructose 1,6‐diphosphate | 158.2 ± 18.5 | 120.8 ± 15.8 | 0.06 |
| 3‐Phosphoglyceric acid | 70.4 ± 4.8 | 46.1 ± 9.3 | 0.03 |
| 2‐Phosphoglyceric acid | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 0.03 |
| Phosphoenolpyruvic acid | 20.6 ± 3.6 | 9.5 ± 4.7 | 0.03 |
| Pyruvic acid | 286.8 ± 23.0 | 242.3 ± 18.4 | 0.06 |
| Lactic acid | 2344.3 ± 223.9 | 1263.7 ± 144.6 | <0.01 |
| Acetyl CoA | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.07 | 0.23 |
| Citric acid | 753.5 ± 50.7 | 809.1 ± 42.5 | 0.22 |
| cis‐Aconitic acid | 12.0 ± 1.1 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 0.28 |
| Isocitric acid | 14.2 ± 3.4 | 15.6 ± 2.2 | 0.58 |
| 2‐Oxoglutaric acid | 715.9 ± 25.3 | 786.5 ± 87.2 | 0.29 |
| Succinic acid | 144.9 ± 4.4 | 198.3 ± 38.3 | 0.14 |
| Fumaric acid | 462.6 ± 35.0 | 447.3 ± 14.5 | 0.54 |
| Malic acid | 1967.1 ± 59.6 | 1838.9 ± 84.9 | 0.11 |
| ATP | 5386.2 ± 140.3 | 5635.0 ± 266.4 | 0.25 |
| GTP | 1185.1 ± 24.2 | 1204.8 ± 59.9 | 0.64 |
| Glutamate | 48806.0 ± 680.1 | 51153.4 ± 1815.9 | 0.14 |
| Glutathione (GSSG) | 2257.7 ± 217.2 | 2493.4 ± 170.6 | 0.22 |
| Glutathione (GSH) | 1860.5 ± 248.0 | 1644.0 ± 184.2 | 0.30 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation (n = 3/group). ATP, adenosine triphosphate; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione‐SS‐glutathione; GTP, guanosine 5'‐triphosphate.