Table 1.

Demographic and substance use characteristics by gender

Variable	Female (n = 1,185) %	Male (n = 1,151) %	Total (N = 2,336) %
Age, in years
18–29	27.6	31.6	29.5
30–49	46.4	45.5	46.0
≥50	26.0	22.9	24.5
Education
<High school	38.2	33.9	36.1
High school graduate	17.2	21.7*	19.3
Some college	25.4	25.4	25.4
College graduate	19.2	19.0	19.1
Marital status
Single	24.9	31.0**	27.8
Married/living together	51.7	57.3*	54.3
Separated/widowed/divorced	23.4	11 7***	17.9
Employment
Full time	35.8	52.9***	43.9
Part time or seasonal	19.9	19.4	19.7
Other	44.3	27.8***	36.4
Age at immigration
U.S. born	62.1	67.6*	64.7
<12 years	9.4	10.1	9.7
12–20 years	14.4	12.0	13.3
≥21 years	14.1	10.3*	12.3
Site
Nonborder	32.1	34.0	33.0
Border	67.9	66.0	67.0
Years living in United States, non-U.S. born
0–5	9.8	7.0	8.6
6–10	15.3	17.0	16.1
11–20	31.2	28.0	29.8
≥21	43.7	48.0	45.5
Substance use, last 12 months
Heavy drinking	12.0	27.9***	19.5
Alcohol use disorder	9.2	24.2***	16.3
Any drug use	16.4	28.0***	21.9

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001 comparisons between males and females.