Table 3.
Baseline Mean Absolute Difference With 95% CIs in Levels of Biomarkers of hsCRP and cIMT and ORs for ABI ≤1.0 and CAC >0 by Smoking Status, Burden, Years Since Quitting, and Intensity
| Exposure | Ln hsCRP | cIMTa | ABI ≤1.0 | CAC (Agatston)b >0 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | β Coefficient (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Former | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | 0.46 | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.11–1.58) | 0.002 | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 0.22 |
| Current | 0.24 (0.19–0.29) | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | <0.001 | 2.52 (2.06–3.08) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.46–2.30) | <0.001 |
| Smoking burden (pack‐years of smoking per 5‐unit increase) | ||||||||
| Ever smokersc | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | <0.001 | 0.003 (0.002–0.004) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | <0.001 |
| Former smokers | 0.01 (0.00–0.02) | 0.006 | 0.003 (0.002–0.005) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.01 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers | 0.03 (0.01–0.04) | <0.001 | 0.002 (−0.000 to 0.004) | 0.09 | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.002 |
| Y since quitting smoking among former smokers | ||||||||
| Per 5‐y increase | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.02) | <0.001 | −0.007 (−0.010 to −0.004) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.003 | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <0.001 |
| Smoking intensity among current smokersd | ||||||||
| Per 10 cigarettes/d increase | 0.10 (0.05–0.15) | <0.001 | 0.003 (0.006–0.012) | 0.52 | 1.30 (1.10–1.52) | 0.002 | 1.26 (1.02–1.56) | 0.03 |
Linear regression models were used for hsCRP and cIMT and logistic regression for ABI and CAC. This was a complete‐case analysis. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, study site, alcohol use, family history of myocardial infection, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension status, diabetes mellitus, and statin use. ABI indicates ankle‐brachial index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CI, confidence interval; cIMT, carotid intima‐media thickness; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; OR, odds ratio.
10 225 (72.5%) of participants underwent cIMT measurements and had adequate image quality for analysis of both common carotid arteries.
4278 (30.3%) of participants underwent CAC scoring because it was conducted at 1 site only (São Paulo, Brazil).
Includes both former and current smokers.
Also adjusted for duration of smoking in years.