Table 2.
Clinical and Anthropometric Characteristics of Participants Stratified by Race and Sex
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (n=2850) | Brown (n=1682) | Black (n=774) | P for Race | White (n=3323) | Brown (n=1682) | Black (n=1161) | P for Race | |
| Age, y | 52.6±9.4 | 50.5±8.5a | 51.5±8.5a, b | <0.001 | 52.3±9.0 | 51.5±8.5a | 51.6±8.5a | 0.006 |
| Weight, kg | 80.6±13.9 | 78.3±14.8a | 80.8±15.2b | <0.001 | 67.3±13.1 | 68.0±12.9 | 72.1±14.5a, b | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 173.0±7.0 | 171.0±7.1a | 171.8±7.3a, b | <0.001 | 159.6±6.5 | 158.4±6.3a | 159.1±6.3b | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.9±4.2 | 26.7±4.3 | 27.3±4.5b | 0.002 | 26.4±4.8 | 27.1±4.8a | 28.5±5.5a, b | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 95.8±11.5 | 94.1±11.4a | 94.8±12.0 | <0.001 | 86.3±12.2 | 88.0±12.0a | 90.6±13.0a, b | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mmol/L | 0.382±0.079 | 0.382±0.088 | 0.381±0.087 | 0.420 | 0.282±0.068 | 0.282±0.070 | 0.291±0.075a, b | 0.009 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.30±1.55 | 6.44±1.89a | 6.71±2.34a, b | 0.019 | 5.85±1.20 | 5.99±1.54a | 6.20±1.87a, b | <0.001 |
| HbA1C, % | 5.39±0.86 | 5.52±1.08a | 5.78±1.31a, b | <0.001 | 5.32±0.76 | 5.46±0.89a | 5.68±1.11a, b | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.49±1.07 | 5.56±1.13 | 5.62±1.19a | 0.032 | 5.63±1.05 | 5.65±1.08 | 5.52±1.11a, b | <0.001 |
| LDL‐c, mmol/L | 3.38±0.88 | 3.43±0.94 | 3.45±1.04 | 0.338 | 3.39±0.89 | 3.46±0.90 | 3.35±0.90b | 0.004 |
| HDL‐c, mmol/L | 1.31±0.30 | 1.31±0.31 | 1.39±0.36a, b | <0.001 | 1.62±0.38 | 1.57±0.37a | 1.59±0.37 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.80±1.24 | 1.91±1.69a | 1.81±1.49 | 0.165 | 1.36±0.87 | 1.37±0.82 | 1.26±1.23a, b | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 82.0±15.3 | 83.1±14.8a | 80.5±15.0a, b | <0.001 | 101.3±12.4 | 102.3±12.1a | 100.3±13.2b | 0.002 |
| Salt intake, g/day | 12.3±5.3 | 13.2±6.3a | 13.7±6.6a | <0.001 | 9.1±4.1 | 9.5±4.5 | 10.0±4.8a, b | <0.001 |
| C‐RP, UI | 2.32±3.52 | 2.72±5.47a | 2.91±4.80a | <0.001 | 2.88±4.10 | 3.25±4.82a | 3.81±5.61a, b | <0.001 |
| SAP, mm Hg | 122.9±15.2 | 127.0±17.0a | 132.1±19.0a, b | <0.001 | 114.9±15.3 | 118.6±17.1a | 123.3±18.8a, b | <0.001 |
| DAP, mm Hg | 77.6±10.1 | 80.1±11.0a | 82.5±11.6a, b | <0.001 | 72.4±9.7 | 74.7±10.3a | 77.3±10.6a, b | <0.001 |
| MAP, mm Hg | 92.7±11.2 | 95.8±12.4a | 99.0±13.3a, b | <0.001 | 86.5±11.0 | 89.3±11.9a | 92.7±12.6a, b | <0.001 |
| HR, bpm | 69.6±10.6 | 69.5±10.9 | 68.7±11.0 | 0.134 | 71.7±9.6 | 70.2±9.8a | 70.2±10.1a | <0.001 |
| cf‐PWV, m/s | 9.63±1.81 | 9.63±1.87 | 9.98±1.99a, b | <0.001 | 8.84±1.65 | 9.02±1.66a | 9.34±1.91a, b | <0.001 |
| cf‐PWV quartiles, n,% | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Q1 | 739 (55) | 446 (33.2) | 158 (11.8) | <0.001 | 959 (59.9) | 408 (25.5) | 234 (14.6) | <0.001 |
| Q2 | 788 (54.4) | 476 (32.8) | 185 (12.8) | <0.001 | 892 (55.4) | 446 (27.7) | 271 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Q3 | 654 (53.9) | 368 (30.3) | 191 (15.8) | <0.001 | 788 (53.2) | 402 (27.2) | 290 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Q4 | 669 (51.4) | 392 (30.1) | 240 (18.5) | <0.001 | 684 (46.3) | 426 (28.9) | 366 (24.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n,% | 984 (34.5) | 655 (38.9) | 386 (49.9) | <0.001c | 823 (24.8) | 554 (32.9) | 538 (46.3) | <0.001c |
| BP lowering drugs, n, % | 770 (27) | 423 (25.1) | 255 (32.9) | 0.029c | 767 (23.1) | 483 (28.7) | 445 (38.3) | <0.001c |
| Diabetes mellitus, n, % | 559 (19.6) | 377 (22.4) | 228 (29.4) | <0.001c | 418 (12.6) | 273 (16.2) | 291 (25.1) | <0.001c |
| Glucose lowering drugs, n, % | 225 (7.9) | 125 (7.4) | 99 (12.8) | 0.001c | 180 (5.4) | 128 (7.6) | 117 (10.1) | <0.001c |
| Obesity, n, % | 555 (19.5) | 336 (20) | 179 (23.1) | 0.045c | 687 (20.7) | 407 (24.2) | 406 (35) | <0.001c |
BMI indicates body mass index; cf‐PWV, carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity; CRP, C‐reactive protein; DAP, diastolic arterial pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HR, heart rate; LDL‐c, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAP, mean arterial pressure; Q, quartile; BP, blood pressure; SAP, systolic arterial pressure; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.
a
P<0.05 vs white.
b
P<0.05 vs brown.
c
Represents P value for trend.