Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| Patient characteristics | n (%) | Etiology | n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, ya | 41.7 (15.8) | Etiology counta | 1.6 (1.3) |
| Female | 105 (69.1) | Inherited/genetic | 47 (31.1) |
| White race | 119 (78.3) | Protein C deficiency | 4 (2.7) |
| Transferred in | 107 (72.3) | Protein S deficiency | 8 (5.3) |
| Days from onsetb | 5 (2–10) | Antithrombin deficiency | 4 (2.7) |
| Smoker | 14 (10.1) | Factor 2 mutation | 13 (8.6) |
| History of migraines | 22 (15.3) | Factor 5 Leiden mutation | 8 (5.3) |
| Edema on initial scan | 93 (62.8) | Factor 8 mutation | 14 (9.3) |
| Hemorrhagic CVT | 64 (43.2) | MTHFR mutation | 8 (5.3) |
| Presenting signs and symptoms | Homocysteinemia | 2 (1.3) | |
| Symptom counta | 2.9 (1.4) | Inciting event | 33 (21.9) |
| Altered mental status | 37 (25.2) | Infection | 10 (6.6) |
| Aphasia | 25 (17.0) | Dehydration/altitude | 9 (6.0) |
| Dizziness | 15 (10.2) | Cancer | 5 (3.3) |
| Headache | 126 (85.7) | Traumatic injury | 2 (1.3) |
| Motor weakness | 32 (21.8) | Postoperative | 7 (4.6) |
| Nausea | 51 (34.7) | Dural AVM | 2 (1.3) |
| Seizure | 20 (13.6) | Autoimmune | 46 (30.5) |
| Sensory changes | 18 (12.2) | Autoimmune disorderd | 6 (4.0) |
| Visual disturbances | 32 (22.8) | LAC antibody positive | 36 (23.8) |
| Vomiting | 47 (32.0) | β2‐Glycoprotein, immunoglobulin G or A | 2 (1.3) |
| Other, <10 personsc | 23 (15.1) | ANA positive | 5 (3.3) |
| Veins/sinuses | Prior relevant history | 18 (11.9) | |
| Vein counta | 2.9 (1.4) | History of CVT, VTE | 15 (9.9) |
| >1 sinus | 123 (83.7) | History of cancer or trauma | 6 (4.0) |
| Superior sagittal sinus | 84 (57.1) | Hormone, female only | 53 (50.5) |
| Transverse sinus | 127 (86.4) | Contraceptive, HRT | 37 (35.2) |
| Sigmoid sinus | 91 (61.9) | Pregnancy, puerperium | 17 (16.2) |
| Jugular vein | 41 (27.9) | Other, miscellaneouse | 6 (4.0) |
| Straight sinus | 38 (25.9) | ||
| Vein of Galen, cortical veins, torcula | 8 (5.4) | ||
ANA indicates antinuclear antibody; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; CVT, cerebral venous thrombosis; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; LAC, lupus anticoagulant; MTHFR, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
Counts presented as mean (standard deviation).
Counts presented as median (interquartile range).
Symptoms in <10 persons: ear ringing (9), neck pain (7), vertigo (4), cranial nerve palsy (2), respiratory failure (2), dysphasia (1), syncope (1), tingling (1), abnormal balance (1).
Autoimmune: Addison, Crohn, lupus, multiple sclerosis, hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis.
Miscellaneous: congenital abnormality, elevated fibrinogen, history of stroke, history of seizures, toxicology positive, previous iliac artery thrombectomy.