Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of 16 387 US Adult Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Initiating Maintenance Hemodialysis at a DaVita Outpatient Facilitya , b
| Patient Characteristics | HbA1c in mmol/mol (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Patients (N=16 387) | <48 (<6.5) (N=9430) | 48 to <58 (6.5 to <7.5) (N=4113) | 58 to <69 (7.5 to <8.5) (N=1747) | ≥69 (≥8.5) (N=1097) | P Valuec | |
| HbA1c, % | 6.5±1.2 | 5.7±0.5 | 6.9±0.3 | 7.9±0.3 | 9.5±1.0 | <0.001 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y | 64.5±13.1 | 66.4±12.4 | 64.2±12.9 | 60.4±13.5 | 56.3±13.6 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, N (%) | 8788 (53.6) | 5062 (53.7) | 2221 (54.0) | 927 (53.1) | 578 (52.7) | 0.71 |
| Race, N (%) | ||||||
| White | 10 624 (64.8) | 6178 (65.5) | 2703 (65.7) | 1105 (63.3) | 638 (58.2) | 0.001 |
| Black | 4784 (29.2) | 2727 (28.9) | 1150 (28.0) | 527 (30.2) | 380 (34.6) | 0.048 |
| Asian | 482 (2.9) | 286 (3.0) | 123 (3.0) | 43 (2.5) | 30 (2.7) | 0.33 |
| Pacific Islander | 102 (0.6) | 47 (0.5) | 34 (0.8) | 15 (0.9) | 6 (0.5) | 0.04 |
| Native American | 360 (2.2) | 170 (1.8) | 96 (2.3) | 51 (2.9) | 43 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Other/Multiracial | 35 (0.2) | 22 (0.2) | 7 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0.46 |
| Hispanic ethnicity, N (%) | 2825 (17.2) | 1496 (15.9) | 756 (18.4) | 352 (20.1) | 221 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| Medicare/Medicaid dual eligibility | 7003 (42.7%) | 3811 (40.4) | 1761 (42.8) | 853 (48.8) | 578 (52.7) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic variables | ||||||
| Median rent (US $) | 862.0±275.0 | 870.9±277.8 | 858.0±274.5 | 843.4±261.4 | 829.1±269.1 | 0.04 |
| Missing, N (%) | 505 (3.1) | 291 (3.1) | 111 (2.7) | 72 (4.1) | 31 (2.8) | |
| Median household income ($) | 49 287±19 781 | 50 030±20 443 | 49 008±19 084 | 47 375±17 991 | 46 986±18 867 | 0.10 |
| Missing, N (%) | 415 (2.5) | 240 (2.5) | 95 (2.3) | 56 (3.2) | 24 (2.2) | |
| % living below poverty | 17.9±10.2 | 17.5±10.2 | 17.8±10.0 | 18.9±10.5 | 19.4±10.4 | 0.004 |
| Missing, N (%) | 407 (2.5) | 236 (2.5) | 93 (2.3) | 54 (3.1) | 24 (2.2) | |
| % unemployed | 10.3±4.8 | 10.3±4.8 | 10.3±4.7 | 10.7±5.0 | 10.7±5.0 | 0.13 |
| Missing, N (%) | 406 (2.5) | 235 (2.5) | 93 (2.3) | 54 (3.1) | 24 (2.2) | |
| % <high school education | 19.2±11.7 | 18.7±11.5 | 19.3±11.7 | 20.6±12.4 | 20.6±11.9 | 0.11 |
| Missing, N (%) | 402 (2.5) | 234 (2.5) | 91 (2.2) | 53 (3.0) | 24 (2.2) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.0±7.7 | 29.6±7.6 | 30.4±7.7 | 30.9±7.9 | 30.6±8.2 | 0.35 |
| Missing, N (%) | 264 (1.6) | 157 (1.7) | 57 (1.4) | 35 (2.0) | 15 (1.4) | |
| Predialysis weight, kg | 84.8±22.3 | 83.3±22.0 | 86.1±21.9 | 88.3±22.9 | 87.5±23.7 | 0.74 |
| Missing, N (%) | 16 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), median (25th to 75th percentile) | 150.1 (136.9‐163.7) | 148.2 (135.0‐161.8) | 150.3 (137.3‐163.7) | 154.9 (141.7‐168.0) | 157.7 (145.3‐170.8) | 0.025 |
| Missing, N (%) | 14 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), median (25th to 75th percentile) | 75.2 (67.6‐84.1) | 74.0 (66.6‐82.5) | 75.0 (67.7‐83.8) | 78.2 (70.9‐87.4) | 82.5 (74.0‐91.0) | <0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 14 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg), median (25th to 75th percentile) | 100.3 (91.5‐110.1) | 98.9 (90.3‐108.4) | 100.1 (91.6‐110.0) | 104.4 (95.3‐113.6) | 107.6 (99.0‐117.4) | <0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 14 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg), median (25th to 75th percentile) | 73.6 (64.3‐83.2) | 73.1 (63.7‐82.7) | 74.1 (65.1‐83.3) | 75.3 (65.9‐84.5) | 74.5 (65.0‐83.8) | 0.39 |
| Missing, N (%) | 14 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Reported comorbidities, N (%) | ||||||
| Heart failure | 9292 (56.7) | 5471 (58.0) | 2340 (56.9) | 940 (53.8) | 541 (49.3) | <0.001 |
| Arrhythmias | 1151 (7.0) | 743 (7.9) | 272 (6.6) | 91 (5.2) | 45 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 6889 (42.0) | 4010 (42.5) | 1787 (43.4) | 706 (40.4) | 386 (35.2) | 0.007 |
| Other cardiac disease | 2935 (17.9) | 1789 (19.0) | 729 (17.7) | 260 (14.9) | 157 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 4360 (26.6) | 2541 (26.9) | 1104 (26.8) | 448 (25.6) | 267 (24.3) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | 15 723 (95.9) | 9048 (95.9) | 3943 (95.9) | 1682 (96.3) | 1050 (95.7) | 0.99 |
| COPD | 3564 (21.7) | 2169 (23.0) | 879 (21.4) | 345 (19.7) | 171 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| Current tobacco use | 1041 (6.4) | 585 (6.2) | 239 (5.8) | 122 (7.0) | 95 (8.7) | 0.074 |
| Cancer | 1305 (8.0) | 871 (9.2) | 309 (7.5) | 77 (4.4) | 48 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol dependence | 206 (1.3) | 141 (1.5) | 41 (1.0) | 19 (1.1) | 5 (0.5) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory measurements | ||||||
| Platelet count (×103/μL), median (25th to 75th percentile) | 250.3 (200.9‐309.0) | 243.0 (194.0‐300.3) | 256.8 (206.7‐316.8) | 264.0 (214.3‐325.7) | 274.0 (223.8‐331.5) | 0.01 |
| Missing, N (%) | 55 (0.3) | 35 (0.4) | 10 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.4) | |
| White blood cell count, ×1000/mm3 | 8.0±2.6 | 7.9±2.5 | 8.2±2.7 | 8.3±2.4 | 8.3±2.4 | 0.83 |
| Missing, N (%) | 32 (0.2) | 20 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.4) | |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.4±0.5 | 3.4±0.5 | 3.5±0.4 | 3.4±0.4 | 3.3±0.4 | <0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 13 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | |
| nPCR, g/(kg·d) | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.003 |
| Missing, N (%) | 2450 (15.0) | 1374 (14.6) | 674 (16.4) | 256 (14.7) | 146 (13.3) | |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 337.3±325.6 | 356.2±333.1 | 328.4±348.8 | 294.6±253.3 | 275.8±249.1 | 0.005 |
| Missing, N (%) | 120 (0.7) | 72 (0.8) | 31 (0.8) | 10 (0.6) | 7 (0.6) | |
| Estimated GFR, mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 11.4±4.8 | 11.3±4.8 | 11.5±4.7 | 11.6±4.7 | 12.2±4.7 | 0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 256 (1.6) | 152 (1.6) | 57 (1.4) | 30 (1.7) | 17 (1.5) | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.6±1.2 | 11.6±1.2 | 11.7±1.2 | 11.8±1.1 | 11.7±1.1 | 0.20 |
| Missing, N (%) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 9.3±0.5 | 9.3±0.6 | 9.3±0.5 | 9.3±0.5 | 9.3±0.5 | 0.02 |
| Missing, N (%) | 15 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 7 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | |
| Phosphorus, mg/dL | 5.0±1.2 | 5.0±1.2 | 5.0±1.1 | 5.1±1.1 | 5.1±1.1 | 0.02 |
| Missing, N (%) | 13 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | |
| PTH, pg/mL | 371.2±283.7 | 368.6±298.9 | 363.4±256.0 | 382.0±268.0 | 405.1±269.8 | <0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 78 (0.5) | 46 (0.5) | 19 (0.5) | 9 (0.5) | 4 (0.5) | |
BMI indicates body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; nPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
a
Reported as means and standard deviations unless noted otherwise.
b
Variables are described using means and standard deviations for normally distributed continuous data, medians and 25th and 75th percentile values for nonnormally distributed data, and counts and proportions for categorical data.
c
P‐values were computed using a 2‐sided trend analysis.