Table 2.
General Characteristics of Study Participants
| Nondiabetic | Type 2 Diabetic | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 201 | 185 | |
| Female (%) | 138 (68.7%) | 123 (66.5%) | 0.649 |
| Hypertension (%) | 63 (16.3%) | 73 (18.9%) | 0.030 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 6 (1.6%) | 11 (2.9%) | 0.157 |
| Medications (%) | |||
| Lipid‐lowering drugs (0, 1) | 3 (0.8%) | 17 (4.4%) | 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive (0, 1) | 25 (12.4%) | 33 (17.8%) | 0.224 |
| Insulin (0, 1) | NA | 19 (4.9%) | NA |
| Metformin (0, 1) | 2 | 58 (15.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Mean of characteristics | |||
| Age, y | 53.1 (9.4) | 55.9 (7.4) | 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.2 (3.8) | 26.8 (4.0) | 0.094 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 128.6 (18.3) | 135.0 (18.9) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77.8 (11.0) | 79.4 (10.4) | 0.144 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 5.0 (0.5) | 9.8 (3.1) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 51 (34–71) | 52 (27–85) | 0.42 |
| Homa‐B, % | 93 (72–112) | 29 (13–47) | <0.0001 |
| Homa‐IR, % | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 0.24 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 124.3 (45.6) | 103.4 (45.5) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.04 (1.03) | 5.21 (1.16) | 0.130 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 114 (81–183) | 158 (92–246) | <0.0001 |
| LDL‐c, mmol/L | 3.04 (0.88) | 3.19 (0.88) | 0.102 |
| HDL‐c, mmol/L | 1.36 (0.34) | 1.27 (0.32) | 0.007 |
| HDL components | |||
| Apolipoprotein A‐I, μg/mL | 8.8 (2.3) | 7.0 (3.6) | <0.0001 |
| Serum amyloid A, μg/L | 657 (462–831) | 892 (537–1129) | <0.0001 |
| Phospholipid, mg/dL | 460 (291–744) | 678 (518–904) | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 17 (10–22) | 17 (13–22) | 0.08 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated according to the CKD‐EPI formula. Hypertension was a blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg systolic, or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic, or use of antihypertensive drugs. Pancreatic β‐cell function (Homa‐B) and insulin resistance (Homa‐IR) were computed by Homeostasis Model Assessment (Homa‐B and HOMA‐IR; http://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/homacalculator/), using fasting insulin and glucose in the subjects. For untransformed and logarithmically transformed variables, we expressed the central tendency and spread of the distributions by the arithmetic mean and SD and the geometric mean and interquartile range, respectively. HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐c, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not applicable.