Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by HF Subtype
| Characteristic | No HF (n=6420) | HFrEF (n=127) | HFpEF (n=117) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean±SD, y | 62±10 | 67±8.9 | 70±8.5 | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 2996 (47) | 91 (72) | 58 (50) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.023 | |||
| White, % | 2446 (38) | 50 (40) | 50 (43) | |
| Chinese American, % | 782 (12) | 3 (2) | 12 (10) | |
| Black, % | 1769 (28) | 46 (36) | 32 (27) | |
| Hispanic, % | 1423 (22) | 28 (22) | 23 (20) | |
| Education, high school or less, % | 2328 (36) | 51 (40) | 49 (42) | 0.31 |
| Income <$20 000, % | 1703 (27) | 47 (37) | 40 (34) | 0.0060 |
| Ever smoker, % | 3156 (49) | 73 (57) | 69 (59) | 0.021 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 866 (13) | 39 (31) | 36 (31) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean±SD | 28±5.4 | 29±5.5 | 30±6.4 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean±SD | 126±21 | 137±22 | 139±23 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean±SD | 194±36 | 187±36 | 189±33 | 0.017 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean±SD | 51±15 | 47±13 | 50±14 | 0.0083 |
| Antihypertensive medications, % | 2329 (36) | 76 (60) | 65 (56) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin, % | 1496 (23) | 46 (36) | 37 (32) | <0.001 |
| Statin, % | 938 (15) | 25 (20) | 17 (15) | 0.28 |
| Heart rate, mean±SD, bpm | 63±9.6 | 64±11 | 66±10 | 0.0014 |
| P‐wave duration, >120 ms, % | 699 (11) | 27 (21) | 21 (18) | <0.001 |
| PR interval, >200 ms, % | 492 (7.6) | 19 (15) | 15 (13) | 0.0014 |
| PTFV1, >4000 ms, % | 940 (15) | 30 (24) | 30 (26) | <0.001 |
| Abnormal P‐wave axis, % | 548 (8.5) | 11 (8.7) | 18 (15) | 0.033 |
| QRS duration, >100 ms, % | 1239 (19) | 56 (44) | 34 (29) | <0.001 |
| Time to ID, >50 ms, % | 113 (1.8) | 14 (11) | 3 (2.6) | <0.001b |
| Left‐axis deviation, % | 367 (5.7) | 21 (17) | 14 (12) | <0.001 |
| Right‐axis deviation, % | 23 (<1) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0.15b |
| Prolonged QT interval, % | 481 (7.5) | 28 (22) | 6 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Abnormal QRS‐T axis, % | 293 (4.6) | 22 (17) | 19 (16) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy, % | 236 (3.7) | 12 (9.5) | 8 (6.8) | 0.0017b |
| Low voltage, % | 124 (1.9) | 1 (<1) | 3 (2.6) | 0.55b |
| ST/T‐wave abnormalities, % | 852 (13) | 44 (35) | 25 (21) | <0.001 |
| Right bundle‐branch block, % | 145 (2.3) | 6 (4.7) | 7 (5.9) | <0.001b |
| Left bundle‐branch block, % | 16 (<1) | 5 (3.9) | 1 (<1) | <0.001b |
bpm indicates beats per minute; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; PTFV1, P‐wave terminal force in V1.
a
Statistical significance for continuous data was tested using the ANOVA procedure, and categorical data were tested using the χ2 test.
b
Statistical significance tested using the Fisher exact test because of low cell frequencies.