Table 2.
Electrocardiographic Predictors of HFrEF Versus HFpEF
| ECG Predictora | HFrEF (n=127) | HFpEF (n=117) | P Comparisond | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b HR (95% CI) | P Value | Model 2c HR (95% CI) | P Value | Model 1b HR (95% CI) | P Value | Model 2c HR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Heart rate, per 10‐ms increase | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 0.11 | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 0.34 | 1.43 (1.20–1.71) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.12–1.60) | 0.0014 | 0.11 |
| P wave duration, >120 ms | 1.52 (0.98–2.35) | 0.059 | 1.32 (0.85–2.05) | 0.21 | 1.30 (0.80–2.10) | 0.29 | 1.09 (0.67–1.78) | 0.72 | ··· |
| PR interval, >200 ms | 1.50 (0.91–2.46) | 0.11 | 1.36 (0.83–2.23) | 0.23 | 1.33 (0.77–2.31) | 0.31 | 1.19 (0.69–2.08) | 0.53 | ··· |
| PTFV1, >4000 ms | 1.57 (1.04–2.37) | 0.033 | 1.32 (0.87–1.99) | 0.20 | 1.65 (1.09–2.51) | 0.019 | 1.35 (0.88–2.07) | 0.17 | ··· |
| Abnormal P‐wave axis | 0.83 (0.44–1.55) | 0.56 | 1.00 (0.53–1.89) | 0.99 | 1.64 (0.99–2.72) | 0.056 | 2.04 (1.22–3.42) | 0.0066 | 0.088 |
| QRS duration, >100 ms | 2.45 (1.70–3.53) | <0.001 | 2.14 (1.48–3.09) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.01–2.32) | 0.048 | 1.28 (0.84–1.95) | 0.24 | 0.071 |
| Time to ID, >50 ms | 5.67 (3.25–9.90) | <0.001 | 4.90 (2.77–8.68) | <0.001 | 1.22 (0.39–3.83) | 0.74 | 0.94 (0.29–2.97) | 0.91 | 0.013 |
| Left‐axis deviation | 2.08 (1.29–3.36) | 0.0028 | 1.86 (1.15–3.02) | 0.012 | 1.47 (0.83–2.60) | 0.19 | 1.29 (0.73–2.28) | 0.38 | 0.34 |
| Right‐axis deviation | 4.94 (1.22–19.95) | 0.025 | 4.98 (1.22–20.40) | 0.025 | N/Ae | N/Ae | N/Ae | N/Ae | ··· |
| Prolonged QT interval | 2.55 (1.66–3.90) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.55–3.68) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.23–1.19) | 0.12 | 0.48 (0.21–1.11) | 0.086 | <0.001 |
| Abnormal QRS‐T axis | 3.30 (2.06–5.28) | <0.001 | 2.52 (1.56–4.05) | <0.001 | 2.66 (1.61–4.39) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.21–3.33) | 0.0068 | 0.52 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 3.36 (1.82–6.22) | <0.001 | 2.56 (1.36–4.82) | 0.0036 | 1.70 (0.82–3.54) | 0.15 | 1.31 (0.62–2.76) | 0.48 | 0.18 |
| Low voltage | 0.45 (0.06–3.19) | 0.42 | 0.43 (0.06–3.09) | 0.40 | 1.28 (0.40–4.04) | 0.68 | 1.20 (0.38–3.81) | 0.76 | ··· |
| ST/T‐wave abnormalities | 3.04 (2.09–4.43) | <0.001 | 2.47 (1.69–3.62) | <0.001 | 1.33 (0.85–2.08) | 0.22 | 1.13 (0.72–1.77) | 0.61 | 0.0093 |
| Right bundle‐branch block | 1.16 (0.51–2.67) | 0.72 | 1.03 (0.45–2.36) | 0.95 | 1.63 (0.75–3.55) | 0.22 | 1.38 (0.63–3.02) | 0.42 | ··· |
| Left bundle‐branch block | 9.29 (3.78–22.83) | <0.001 | 6.75 (2.70–16.86) | <0.001 | 1.95 (0.27–14.02) | 0.51 | 1.28 (0.17–9.30) | 0.81 | 0.14 |
CI indicates confidence interval; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio; ID, intrinsicoid deflection; PTFV1, P‐wave terminal force in V1.
Selected from the list of ECG predictors that showed significant associations with total heart failure events in a model similar to model 2.
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and income.
Adjusted for model 1 covariates plus systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspirin, statins, and antihypertensive medications.
P value comparison computed using effect estimates from model 2 for the variables that showed a significant P value in at least 1 of the heart failure subtypes.
Hazard ratio not computed due to 0% prevalence of the abnormality in HFpEF.