Table 2.
Descriptive Information on Covariates Pertaining to the Period Prior, During, and After Imprisonment.
| N | M | Median | SD | Minimum | Maximum | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates prior to imprisonment | ||||||
| Age | 714 | 30.91 | 28.50 | 10.89 | 18 | 65 |
| Non-ethnic Dutch | 714 | 0.33 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Higher level of educationa | 714 | 0.38 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Partner | 714 | 0.46 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Child(ren) | 714 | 0.37 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Employment at time of arrest | 713 | 0 | 3 | |||
| Non-participant | 0.22 | |||||
| Unemployed | 0.39 | |||||
| Employed | 0.27 | |||||
| Self-employed | 0.12 | |||||
| Wage at time of arrest (€) | 714 | 1,288.07 | 0.00 | 6,185.69 | 0 | 100,000.00 |
| Wage at time of arrest (€; workers only) | 279 | 3,296.35 | 1,600.00 | 9,565.07 | 100.00 | 100,000.00 |
| Duration longest job since leaving full-time education (years) | 648 | 4.31 | 2.50 | 5.41 | 0 | 45 |
| Duration unemployment since leaving full-time education (years) | 709 | 4.07 | 1.00 | 7.03 | 0 | 47 |
| Excessive drinking (almost every day > 5 glasses) | 711 | 0.12 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Excessive consumption of drugs (almost every day) | 711 | 0.30 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Homeless | 714 | 0.10 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Motivation to workb | 658 | 3.50 | 3.44 | 0.52 | 1.67 | 4.89 |
| Number of previous convictions | 714 | 7.78 | 5.00 | 9.08 | 0 | 92 |
| Previous prison sentence | 714 | 0.55 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Age of onset | 713 | 19.35 | 17.04 | 7.53 | 11.74 | 65.30 |
| Type of crime | 692 | 0 | 2 | |||
| Violent | 0.43 | |||||
| Property | 0.35 | |||||
| Other | 0.22 | |||||
| Covariates pertaining to imprisonment | ||||||
| Length of imprisonment (days) | 714 | 124.94 | 101.50 | 87.76 | 1 | 511 |
| Followed training/course | 714 | 0.22 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Covariates after imprisonment | ||||||
| Partner | 665 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Excessive drinking (almost every day > 5 glasses) | 672 | 0.11 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Excessive consumption of drugs (almost every day) | 672 | 0.22 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Homeless | 667 | 0.11 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Months spent in prison | 675 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 0 | 6 |
| Missing calendar information | 714c | 0.08 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Contact with probation officer | 714 | 0.61 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Valid identification | 710 | 0.86 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Debts | 712 | 0.60 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Received benefits | 714 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 | ||
a
Higher educated are those with a higher level of secondary schooling.
b
Average score on nine items (1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree).
c
Individuals with a missing value on one or multiple R1-calendar variables (partner, excessive drinking/drugs, homeless, exposure time) score “1” on this variable (n = 55). In the multivariate analyses, these individuals score “0” on the calendar variables.