(A to C) Upper limb endpoint trajectories during reach and retrieval. Failures of item retrieval are displayed in dark red, seen post-SCI in rats and monkeys but not in humans. Averaged EMG activity (+/- s.e.m., in grey) of the extensor digitorum communis and flexor digitorum muscles is shown during successive retrievals before the injury (or healthy) and at chronic time-points post-SCI in humans (A), monkeys (B), and rats (C). (D) Percent of successful object retrieval for each subject. *P<0.05, ***p < 0.001, ANOVA. Data are means +/- s.e.m. (n indicated in (A to C)).