Table 3. List of landmarks used in this study.
Bilateral landmarks denoted by (L) and (R) for their respective anatomical sides. Quotation marks indicate identical description to point listed directly above. SLC = Semilandmark curve. For inclusion in sets, F = Full landmark set, R = Reduced landmark set, and S = Semilandmark only set. This landmark definition set and an illustrated atlas were provided to each researcher before their respective landmarking trials.
| # | Osteometric Point Name | Description | Side | Landmark type | Included in Landmark Set: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Glabella | Most anterior point in the mid-sagittal plane between the supraciliary arches | Midline | III | F, R |
| 2 | Nasion | Point where nasals and frontal meet in midline | Midline | I | F, R |
| 3 | Rhinion | Most inferior point in midline where nasals meet | I | F, R | |
| 4 | Nasiospinale | Most inferior point in midline on nasal aperture | I | F, R | |
| 5 | Alare (L) | Most lateral point on nasal aperture in transverse plane | Left | III | F, R |
| 6 | Alare (R) | Most lateral point on nasal aperture in transverse plane | Right | III | F, R |
| 7 | Point of maximum curvature on inferiormost corner of nasal aperture | Left | III | F, R | |
| 8 | Point of maximum curvature on inferiormost corner of nasal aperture | Right | III | F, R | |
| 9 | Superior most point in lateral half of supraorbital margin | Left | III | F, R | |
| 10 | Orbitale (L) | Most inferior point on infraorbital margin | Left | III | F, R |
| 11 | Ectoconchion (L) | Lateral most point on orbit in transverse plane | Left | III | F, R |
| 12 | Medial most point on orbit in transverse plane | Left | III | F, R | |
| 13 | Frontomalare temporale (L) | Point where zygomatico-frontal suture crosses lateral edge of zygoma. | Left | I | F, R |
| 14 | Center of supraorbital foramen/notch | Left | II | F, R | |
| 15 | Point of maximum curvature on inferolateral infraorbital margin | Left | III | F, R | |
| 16 | Point of maximum curvature on inferomedial infraorbital margin | Left | III | F, R | |
| 17 | Superior most point in lateral half of supraorbital margin | Right | III | F, R | |
| 18 | Orbitale (R) | Most inferior point on infraorbital margin | Right | III | F, R |
| 19 | Medial most point on orbit in transverse plane | Right | III | F, R | |
| 20 | Ectoconchion (R) | Lateral most point on orbit in transverse plane | Right | III | F, R |
| 21 | Center of supraorbital foramen/notch | Right | II | F, R | |
| 22 | Frontomalare temporale (R | Point where zygomatico-frontal suture crosses lateral edge of zygoma | Right | I | F, R |
| 23 | Point of maximum curvature on inferomedial infraorbital margin | Right | III | F, R | |
| 24 | Point of maximum curvature on inferolateral infraorbital margin | Right | III | F, R | |
| 25 | Point of maximum postorbital constriction | Left | III | F | |
| 26 | Point of maximum postorbital constriction | Right | III | F | |
| 27 | Porion (L) | Most superolateral point of external auditory meatus | Left | III | F, R |
| 28 | Porion (R) | Most superolateral point of external auditory meatus | Right | III | F, R |
| 29 | Zygion (L) | Most lateral Point of zygomatic arch | Left | III | F |
| 30 | Zygion (R) | Most lateral Point of zygomatic arch | Right | III | F |
| 31 | Prosthion | Most anterior point of alveolar process of maxilla in midline | Midline | I | F, R |
| 32 | Widest breadth of alveolar process of maxilla | Left | III | F | |
| 33 | Widest breadth of alveolar process of maxilla | Right | III | F | |
| 34 | Opisthocranion | Most posterior point of cranium in midline | Midline | II | F, R |
| 35 | Opisthion | Most posterior point of foramen magnum in midline | Midline | III | F, R |
| 36 | Basion | Most anterior point of foramen magnum in midline | Midline | III | F, R |
| 37 | Most posterior point of horizontal plate of palatine bone in midline | Midline | II | F, R | |
| 38–47 | Curve 1 | Asterion (L) to Opisthocranion | SLC | S | F, S |
| 48–57 | Curve 2 | Opisthocranion to Asterion (R) | SLC | S | F, S |
| 58–67 | Curve 3 | Opisthocranion to Bregma | SLC | S | F, S |