Table 1.

Experimental and quasi-experimental approaches applied in studies evaluating the effects of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs

Study design label	Method of analysis	CCT program example
Randomized assignment	Bivariate (means comparison), multivariable regression	PROGRESSA, Mexico [21]
Regression discontinuity design	Regression analysis	Programme of Advancement Through Health and Education (PATH), Jamaica [22]
	Instrumental variables regression (“fuzzy” discontinuity)	Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH), Ecuador [23]
Natural experiment	Instrumental variables (e.g., two-stage least squares) regression analysis	Bolsa Alimentação, Brazil [9]
Interrupted time series	Time-series regression analysis	Safe Delivery Incentive Programme (SDIP), Nepal [24]
Difference study	Difference-in-differences (DID) regression analysis	Familias en Accion, Colombia [25]
	Triple differences (DDD) regression analysis	Cambodia Education Sector Support Project (CESSP) [26]
Cohort study	Propensity score matching (PSM), retrospective cohort	Tekoporã, Paraguay [27]
Cross-sectional study	Propensity score matching (PSM), regression analysis	Bolsa Familia, Brazil [28]

Sources: reviews of CCTS by Gaarder et al. [11], Baird et al. [12] and Kabeer and Waddington [13].