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. 2017 Nov 3;7:14481. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14976-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Radiofrequency ablation of phantom goat liver and healthy rat liver tissue after nCP:Fe injection. (A) Control (PBS injected) goat liver phantom tissue after RFA (ablation diameter 8 ± 1 mm) (B) nCP:Fe injected phantom tissue after RFA showing enhanced ablation diameter of 14 ± 2 mm (C–F) Corresponding IR images and 3D temperature plots of the ablated tissue (C,E) Control tissue after RFA gave peak temperature of 56 ± 2 °C, hot-spot diameter of 4 ± 1 mm (D,F) Sample injected tissue after RFA gave peak temperature of 69 ± 2.5 °C, hot-spot diameter of 15 ± 1 mm. T2 weighted MRI (coronal section) of rat (G) before and (H) 1 hour after nCP:Fe injection. Liver is shown in dotted box. T2 weighted MRI of liver (axial section) (I) before and (J) 1 hour after sample injection (K) RF ablation of rat liver being carried out using clinically used cooled tip RF probe.