Table 1.
Cohort | Disorder | Technique | Important Findings |
Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Internet Addiction | DTI | Widespread ↓ FA in adolescents | [128] |
Human | Gaming | fMRI | ↓ WM density in decision-making, behavioral inhibition, and emotional regulation brain regions | [129] |
Human | Impulsivity | DTI | WM connectivity associated with distinct impulsivity subtypes underlying motor and reward control | [130] |
Human | Gambling | MRI | ↓ FA in CC and SLF | [131] |
Human | Mobile Phone Dependence | DTI | Abnormal WM integrity | [128] |
Human | Kleptomania | DTI | ↓ WM integrity in inferior frontal brain | [132] |
Human | Obesity | DTI | BMI correlates negatively with WM integrity in fornix and CC | [133] |
Mouse | High Fat Diet | qRT-PCR IHC | High fat consumption plus SB promotes loss of OPCs and OLs. Exercise training attenuates negative effects of high fat diet on myelin. | [134] |
Human | Chronic Alcoholism | DTI | Widespread ↓ FA (frontal, temporal, parietal, Cerebellar WM tracts) | [135] |
Human | Adolescent Alcohol Abuse | MRI | Heavy drinking during adolescence negatively impacts WM maturation | [136] |
Human | Prenatal Alcohol Exposure | DTI | ↓ WM microstructural integrity | [137] |
Human | Tobacco | DTI | ↓ FA in right CG, FA in left CG is negatively associated with # cigarettes smoked per day | [138] |
Mouse | Tobacco | qRT-PCR Histology | Second hand smoke exposure ↓ expression of genes for myelin synthesis and maintenance | [139] |
Human | Cannabis | DTI | ↑ cannabis use correlates to ↓ FA and impaired performance in verbal learning | [140] |
Human | Prenatal Cocaine Exposure | DTI | Altered WM development, ↓ FA | [141] |
Human | Methamphetamine Dependence | DTI | Frontal WM changes and increased aggression | [142] |
Human | Heroin Abuse | DTI | Extensive abnormal WM connectivity | [143] |
DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; FA, fractional anisotropy, qRT-PCR, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
IHC, immunohistochemistry; BMI, body mass index
OPCs, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; OLs, oligodendrocytes
CC, corpus callosum; WM, white matter; Cingulum, CG; SLF, superior longitudinal fasciculus
SB, sedentary behavior; MPD, mobile phone dependence; PCE, prenatal cocaine exposure