Table 1.
Entry mechanisms utilized by large and giant DNA viruses. I, linear dsDNA; O, circular dsDNA; N, nuclear replication; M, cytoplasmic replication; E, enveloped; D, non-enveloped; S, icosahedral virus
| Features/replication | Genus or subgroup | Host | Topology | Entry |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenoviridae: N; I; S; E; ~70–90 nm | Mastadenovirus | Mammals | S; D; contains long or short fibers | Endocytosis or macropinocytosis |
| Aviadenovirus | Birds | |||
| Atadenovirus | Birds, ruminants, squamata, marsupial | |||
| Siadenovirus | Frog, birds, turtle | |||
| Ichtadenovirus | Fish | |||
| Ascoviridae: N; O; 130 diameter × 200–400 nm length |
Diadromus spp., Heliothis spp, Spodoptera spp. Trichoplusia spp. |
Insects | E; no protrusions | - |
| Asfarviridae: M and N; I; E; 175–215 nm | African swine fever virus | Swine | E; short protrusions | Endocytosis or macropinocytosis |
| Baculoviridae: E; N; O; E; the nucleocapsid is ~21 × 260 nm | Alphabaculovirus | Lepidopteran | E; gp64 at surface | Fusion or endocytosis |
| Betabaculovirus | Lepidopteran-specific | |||
| Gammabaculovirus | Hymenopteran-specific | |||
| Deltabaculovirus | Culex nigripalpus | |||
| Herpesviridae: N; I; E; 150–200 nm | Alphaherpesvirinae (5 Genera) | Human or vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians) | S; E; short protrusions (short envelope protein and phage-like tail) | Fusion, endocytosis or macropinocytosis |
| Betaherpesvirinae (4 Genera) | ||||
| Gammaherpesvirinae (4 Genera) | ||||
| Ictalurivirus | Fish | |||
| Iridoviridae: M; I; E and D; 120–350 nm | Ranavirus | Amphibians, reptiles | S; E and D; short surface protein | Fusion or endocytosis |
| Megalocytivirus | Fish | |||
| Lymphocystivirus | Fish | |||
| Iridovirus | Crustaceans, insects | |||
| Chloriridovirus | Mosquitos | |||
| Mimiviridae / Marseilleviridae: M; O / I; D; 200–600 nm | Mimivirus, Mamavirus, Megavirus, Moumouvirus, etc. | Mostly Protozoa; many viruses are isolated from environmental samples and the original host is unknown. | S; D; Long fibers, Marseilleviruses usually harbor short or no fibers | Phagocytosis-like |
| Marseillevirus, Lausannevirus, etc. | ||||
| Phycodnaviridae: N; I; E; 100–220 nm | Chlorovirus, Prasinovirus, Prymnesiovirus and Phaeovirus | Marine protozoa and Algae | S; E; no fiber | Cell wall degradation or fusion |
| Poxviridae: M; I; E; 220–450 nm long and 140–260 nm wide | Orthopoxvirus | Human, primates, camels, rodent | E; short surface proteins | Fusion or macropinocytosis |
| Leporipoxvirus | Rabbit | |||
| Squirrelpox virus species | Squirrel | |||
| Crocodylidpoxvirus | Nile crocodile | |||
| Molluscipoxvirus | Immunosuppressed human | |||
| Parapoxvirus | Superorder Laurasiatheria | |||
| Yatapoxvirus | Primate | |||
| Suipoxvirus | Swine | |||
| Cervidpoxvirus | Deer |