Table 1.
Summary of the altered microRNAs and their targeted genes in Parkinson Disease (PD) with a focus on EOPD and LOPD patients.
| Diagnosis | Sources | miRNAs | miRNA expression in EOPD | miRNA expression in LOPD | Validated target genes associated with PD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EOPD | Whole Blood (Margis et al., 2011) | miR-1 | Reduced | NS | BDNF (Brandenburger et al., 2014; Varendi et al., 2014) |
| miR-22 | Reduced | NS | BDNF (Muiños-Gimeno et al., 2011) | ||
| miR-29a | Reduced | Reduced | – | ||
| Brain Tissues (Miñones-Moyano et al., 2011) | miR-34b,c | Reduced | Reduced | PRKN and PARK7 (Miñones-Moyano et al., 2011), SNCA (Kabaria et al., 2015b), MAPT (Wu H. et al., 2013) | |
| Plasma (Cardo et al., 2013) | miR-331-5p | Increased | NS | – | |
| Serum (Dong et al., 2016) | miR-141 | Reduced | Reduced | KEAP1 (Shi et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2017) | |
| miR-146b-5p | Reduced | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-193a-3p | Reduced | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-214 | Reduced | Reduced | SNCA (Wang Z. H. et al., 2015) | ||
| LOPD | Whole Blood (Serafin et al., 2015) | miR-103a | NC | Increased | – |
| miR-29a | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-30b | NC | Increased | – | ||
| Whole Blood (Yilmaz et al., 2016) | miR-3143 | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-335-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-4671-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-561-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-579-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| Brain tissues | miR-34b,c | Reduced | Reduced | PRKN and PARK7 (Miñones-Moyano et al., 2011), SNCA (Kabaria et al., 2015b), MAPT (Wu H. et al., 2013) | |
| Brain tissue (Liao et al., 2013) | miR-181a,b,c,d | NC | Reduced | PRKN (Cheng et al., 2016) | |
| miR-22 | NC | Reduced | BDNF (Muiños-Gimeno et al., 2011) | ||
| miR-29a,b,c | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| Brain tissue (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013) | miR-106a | NC | Increased | HSPA8 (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013) | |
| miR-21 | NC | Increased | LAMP2A (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013; Su et al., 2016), PPARA (Fu et al., 2017) | ||
| miR-224 | NC | Increased | LAMP2A (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013), NPAS4 (Choy et al., 2017) | ||
| miR-26b | NC | Increased | HSPA8 (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013), RB1 (Absalon et al., 2013), BDNF (Caputo et al., 2011) | ||
| miR-301b | NC | Increased | HSPA8 (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013) | ||
| miR-373 | NC | Increased | LAMP2A (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013) | ||
| Brain tissue (Cho et al., 2013) | miR-205 | NC | Reduced | LRRK2 (Cho et al., 2013) | |
| Brain tissue (Cardo et al., 2014) | miR-135b | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-198 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-485-5p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-548d | NC | Increased | – | ||
| Brain tissue (Hoss et al., 2016) | Let-7i-3p/5p | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-10b-5p | NC | Reduced | BDNF (Varendi et al., 2014) | ||
| miR-1224 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-127-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-127-5p | NC | Increased | GBA (Siebert et al., 2014) | ||
| miR-16-5p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-184 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-29a-3p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| Brain tissues (Tatura et al., 2016) | miR-144 | NC | Increased | – | |
| miR-145 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-199b | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-221 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-488 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-543 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-544 | NC | Increased | PARK7 (Jin et al., 2016) | ||
| miR-7 | NC | Reduced | SNCA (Junn et al., 2009; Doxakis, 2010),NLRP3 (Zhou et al., 2016), RELA (Choi et al., 2014), KEAP1 (Kabaria et al., 2015a), VDAC1 (Chaudhuri et al., 2016) | ||
| Brain tissues (Wake et al., 2016) | miR-225 | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-236 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-46 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| CSF (Burgos et al., 2014) | Let-7g-3p | NC | Increased | – | |
| miR-1224-5p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-127-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-128 | NC | Reduced | CYP2D6 (Li et al., 2015) | ||
| miR-132-5p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-19a,b | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-212-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-370 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-409-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-4448 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-485-5p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-873-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| CSF (Gui et al., 2015) | Let-7g-3p | NC | Increased | – | |
| miR-1 | NC | Reduced | BDNF (Brandenburger et al., 2014; Varendi et al., 2014) | ||
| miR-103a | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-10a-5p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-119a | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-126 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-127-3p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-132-5p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-136-3p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-151 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-153 | NC | Increased | SNCA (Doxakis, 2010; Kim et al., 2013; Lim and Song, 2014), NFE2L2 (Narasimhan et al., 2014; Yang W. et al., 2015) | ||
| miR-16-2 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-19b-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-22 | NC | Reduced | BDNF (Muiños-Gimeno et al., 2011) | ||
| miR-26a | NC | Increased | BDNF (Caputo et al., 2011) | ||
| miR-28 | NC | Reduced | NFE2L2 (Yang et al., 2011) | ||
| miR-29a,c | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-301a | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-30b | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-331-5p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-370 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-374 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-409-3p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-433 | NC | Increased | FGF20 (Wang et al., 2008) | ||
| miR-485-5p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-873-3p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| CSF (Soreq et al., 2013) | miR-1249 | NC | Increased | – | |
| miR-1274b | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-150 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-16 | NC | Reduced | HSPA8 (Zhang and Cheng, 2014) | ||
| miR-18b | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-199b | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-20a | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-21 | NC | Increased | LAMP2A (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2013; Su et al., 2016) | ||
| miR-320a,b | NC | Reduced | HSPA8 (Li G. et al., 2014) | ||
| miR-378c | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-4293 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-671 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-769 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-92b | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| Plasma (Khoo et al., 2012) | miR-222 | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-505 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-626 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| Serum (Botta-Orfila et al., 2014) | miR-19b | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-29a,c | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| Serum (Zhao et al., 2014) | miR-133b | NC | Reduced | RHOA (Lu X. C. et al., 2015; Niu et al., 2016) | |
| Serum (Bai et al., 2017) | miR-29a,b,c | NC | Reduced | – | |
| Serum (Ma et al., 2016) | miR-146a | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-214 | NC | Reduced | SNCA (Wang Z. H. et al., 2015) | ||
| miR-221 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-29c | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| Serum (Burgos et al., 2014) | miR-1294 | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-16-2-3p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-30a,e | NC | Increased | BDNF (Mellios et al., 2008) | ||
| miR-338-3p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| Serum (Vallelunga et al., 2014) | miR-148b | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-223 | NC | Increased | NLRP3 (Yang Z. et al., 2015) | ||
| miR-24 | NC | Increased | – | ||
| miR-30c | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-324-3p | NC | Increased | – | ||
| Serum (Ding et al., 2016) | miR-15b | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-181a | NC | Reduced | PRKN (Cheng et al., 2016) | ||
| miR-185 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-195 | NC | Increased | BDNF (Mellios et al., 2008) | ||
| miR-221 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| PBMCs (Martins et al., 2011) | miR-126 | NC | Reduced | – | |
| miR-126* | NC | Reduced | - | ||
| miR-147 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-151-3p,5p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-199a-3p,5p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-199b | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-19b | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-26a | NC | Reduced | BDNF (Caputo et al., 2011) | ||
| miR-28-5p | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-29b,c | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-301a | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-30b,c | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-335 | NC | Reduced | – | ||
| miR-374a,b | NC | Reduced | – |
Summary of the significantly altered microRNAs expressions in EOPD and LOPD studies. All the validated targets/genes for these microRNAs are listed below only in a relation with PD progression or associated pathways where it is possible. EOPD, early-onset PD, LOPD, late-onset PD, NS, Not significant, NC, No comparison was made. Genes full names are in the appendix.