Figure 3.

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure-induced colitis and lung inflammation mediated by Th1 cells in CD4⁺ T cells. The mice were exposed to CS for period for 2 weeks. (A) Th1 and Th17 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (gated on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, respectively). The mice received anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 mAb to deplete CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells, and anti-rat IgG was used as an isotype control. (B) Depletion of T-cell subsets (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells) was confirmed by flow cytometry. (C) The colon length was measured, and (D) the concentration of IFN-γ and TNF-α were evaluated in ascending colon tissue homogenate using Th1, 2, and 17 cytometric bead array. (E) The total cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from the lungs of mice were counted using Diff-Quick staining. (F) The concentrations of the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in the BAL fluid were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM, and p value was estimated by unpaired t test (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05, ^###p < 0.001, ^##p < 0.01, and ^#p < 0.05, and not significant; ns).