Table 3.

Crude (PR) and adjusted (APR) estimated risks of maternal death (MD) and of maternal near miss (MNM) according to some maternal and obstetric characteristics. CLAP 2009–2012.

Characteristics	No morbidity	MD	PR (95% CI)	APR (95% CI)	MNM	PR (95% CI)	APR (95% CI)
Maternal age (years)a
10–19	108,907	276	1.15 [0.89–1.48]	1.43 [0.87–2.35]	5,689	1.21 [1.14–1.27]	1.13 [1.05–1.21]
20–24	128,968	285	Ref.	Ref.	5,530	Ref.	Ref.
25–29	96,493	187	0.88 [0.74–1.04]	0.79 [0.63–0.98]	4,433	1.07 [0.98–1.16]	1.06 [0.97–1.17]
30–34	64,458	169	1.19 [0.89–1.58]	0.79 [0.61–1.02]	3,432	1.23 [1.12–1.35]	1.12 [0.95–1.32]
35–55	40,585	109	1.21 [0.67–2.19]	0.72 [0.37–1.40]	2,811	1.58 [1.40–1.78]	1.39 [1.04–1.87]
Ethnicity/skin colourb
White	91,116	175	Ref.	Ref.	6,556	Ref.	Ref.
Mixed	298,612	231	0.40 [0.11–1.42]	0.35 [0.13–0.98]	12,082	0.58 [0.29–1.14]	0.70 [0.47–1.04]
Others	19,328	594	15.55 [4.66–51.96]	18.95 [8.01–44.86]	1,749	1.24 [0.76–2.00]	1.09 [0.84–1.42]
Literacyc
No or primary	203,185	379	0.68 [0.41–1.12]	0.90 [0.58–1.37]	8,418	0.73 [0.62–0.85]	0.96 [0.79–1.16]
Secondary or university	217,307	600	Ref.	Ref.	12,616	Ref.	Ref.
Marital statusd
Married + stable part	364,380	825	Ref.	Ref.	17,369	Ref.	Ref.
Single + other	56,037	142	1.12 [0.66–1.89]	0.87 [0.64–1.18]	3,695	1.36 [1.10–1.68]	1.23 [1.09–1.38]
Paritye
Nullipara	153,659	350	0.93 [0.71–1.23]	0.64 [0.36–1.12]	9,963	1.50 [1.37–1.65]	1.32 [1.16–1.50]
Multipara	250,299	612	Ref.	Ref.	10,577	Ref.	Ref.
Any previous conditionf
Yes	14,493	90	2.75 [1.20–6.29]	2.29 [1.53–3.41]	2,542	3.63 [2.39–5.52]	2.49 [1.88–3.30]
No	398,396	897	Ref.	Ref.	17,059	Ref.	Ref.
Number of prenatal care visitsg
0	30,445	60	0.84 [0.47–1.51]	1.05 [0.52–2.11]	1,910	1.22 [0.85–1.74]	1.52 [1.23–1.87]
1–4	115,059	328	1.21 [0.91–1.62]	1.00 [0.81–1.22]	5,623	0.96 [0.79–1.18]	1.21 [1.02–1.45]
>4	252,273	592	Ref.	Ref.	12,822	Ref.	Ref.
Smoking, drugs, alcohol, or violenceh
Yes	30,559	76	0.95 [0.16–5.46]	0.87 [0.48–1.58]	2,255	1.70 [1.07–2.70]	1.18 [1.11–1.26]
No	288,779	760	Ref.	Ref.	12,176	Ref.	Ref.
Previous C-sectioni
Yes	50,662	149	1.27 [0.98–1.63]	0.73 [0.46–1.18]	2,996	1.12 [0.94–1.34]	0.58 [0.51–0.65]
No	303,471	705	Ref.	Ref.	15,929	Ref.	Ref.
Onset of labourj
Spontaneous	340,966	627	Ref.	Ref.	12,910	Ref.	Ref.
Induced	20,578	66	1.74 [0.70–4.34]	1.66 [1.22–2.26]	1,436	1.79 [1.52–2.11]	1.20 [0.89–1.62]
Elective C-section	50,673	289	3.09 [1.63–5.85]	1.94 [1.42–2.66]	6,408	3.08 [2.28–4.14]	1.63 [1.17–2.27]
Mode of deliveryk
C-section	123,423	447	1.99 [1.34–2.95]	1.19 [0.94–1.50]	12,877	3.40 [2.80–4.14]	2.37 [1.86–3.01]
Vaginal (any)	310,183	563	Ref.	Ref.	8,864	Ref.	Ref.
Total	441,441	1028			21,985

Missing information for a: 0.4%; b: 6.9%; c: 4.1%; d: 4.2%; e: 7.6%; f: 12.4%; g: 7.6%; h: 31.1%; i: 16.8%; j: 5.4%; k: 1.2% of cases; APR: adjusted prevalence ratio (adjusted for cluster effect and all other predictors); MD: maternal death; MNM: maternal near miss.