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This figure demonstrates the effects of using cotransplantation as a method for stem cell therapy. An example of this approach is using endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and NSCs. Together, they create a synergistic effect that results in an increase in VEGF and BDNF. This activates the PI3K/Akt pathway that is thought to protect cerebral endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury during ischemic stroke.
