Table 3.
Associations between timing of childhood social adversity, and adolescent depressive symptoms. Weighted incidence rate ratios (IRR) from negative binomial regression models with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
| Indicators of social adversity | n (unweighted) | weighted (%) | Outcome measures | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Internalizing Index | Children’s Depression Inventory | |||||||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Model Ia | Model IIb | Model IIIc | Model Ia | Model IIb | Model IIIc | |||
| Single-parent household | ||||||||
| Any time | 1092 | 37.1 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) |
| Infancy and early childhood | 185 | 6.6 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| Middle childhood and early adolescence | 239 | 9.3 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (1.0–1.4) |
| Both periods | 668 | 21.3 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| Poverty | ||||||||
| Any time | 301 | 9.4 | 1.1 (1.0–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
| Infancy and early childhood | 184 | 6.4 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) |
| Middle childhood and early adolescence | 57 | 1.7 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| Both periods | 60 | 1.3 | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| Household receiving public assistance | ||||||||
| Any time | 949 | 33.8 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
| Infancy and early childhood | 242 | 9.1 | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
| Middle childhood and early adolescence | 185 | 7.3 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Both periods | 522 | 17.4 | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
| Long-term parental unemployment | ||||||||
| Any time | 109 | 3.0 | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| Infancy and early childhood | 52 | 1.2 | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) |
| Middle childhood and early adolescence | 48 | 1.5 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
| Both periods | 9 | 0.3 | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
| Residential instability | ||||||||
| Any time | 573 | 22.6 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) |
| Infancy and early childhood | 177 | 8.0 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| Middle childhood and early adolescence | 89 | 2.9 | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) |
| Both periods | 307 | 11.1 | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (1.1–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) |
Reference group: No social adversity
a
Adjusted for sex, birth year, and race.
b
Model I with additional adjustments for mother’s age at the child’s birth, parental serious mental illness, and parental education.
c
Model II with additional adjustments for other childhood social adversities at any time.