Table 5.
Pre and post-training performance on psychological measures for the experimental and active control groups.
| Experimental group | Active control group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre-post effects (d) with Ci | ||
| Crossmodal oddball task | Distraction (ms) + | 26.32 (28.62) | 32.37 (25.33) | 27.33 (25.69) | 19.4 (20.11) | −0.51 [−1.05, 0.03] |
| Alertness (ms) | 18.55 (23.87) | 25.93 (31.38) | 27.19 (52.8) | 34.80 (52.56) | 0.01 [−0.52, 0.54] | |
| Stroop NP-task | Stroop effect (ms) | 93.93 (42.38) | 92.05 (39.41) | 79.29 (32.31) | 72.94 (29.29) | −0.11 [−0.64, 0.43] |
| NP effect (ms) | 53.91 (43.00) | 54.74 (46.86) | 49.26 (28.59) | 38.66 (33.05) | −0.25 [−0.79, 0.28] | |
| Corsi blocks task ++ | 2 Serial position | 0.92 (0.11) | 0.97 (0.04) | 0.90 (0.21) | 0.95 (0.05) | 0.00 [−0.53, 0.53] |
| 3 Serial position | 0.71 (0.16) | 0.76 (0.14) | 0.76 (0.16) | 0.79 (0.14) | −0.13 [−0.66, 0.40] | |
| 4 Serial position | 0.60 (0.23) | 0.67 (0.22) | 0.66 (0.23) | 0.71 (0.23) | −0.09 [−0.62, 0.45] | |
| 5 Serial position | 0.29 (0.23) | 0.40 (0.27) | 0.32 (0.26) | 0.41 (0.24) | −0.08 [−0.61, 0.45] | |
| 6 Serial position | 0.16 (0.18) | 0.27 (0.23) | 0.15 (0.14) | 0.20 (0.15) | −0.30 [−0.82, 0.25] | |
| N-back task* | 1-back (Hits–FA) | 23.93 (4.42) | 26.68 (2.03) | 24.58 (3.47) | 26.37 (2.53) | −0.27 [−0.80, 0.27] |
| 2-back (Hits–FA) | 19.82 (5.73) | 22.54 (3.18) | 22.54 (3.18) | 21.75 (5.84) | −0.73 [−1.28, −0.73] | |
| 3-back (Hits–FA) | 13.79 (5.43) | 15.70 (6.26) | 15.70 (6.26) | 17.04 (4.85) | −0.10 [−0.63, 0.44] | |
Mean scores of the outcome measures with standard deviations in parentheses. Single asterisk (*) indicates tasks on which there was a trend for large improvements in the experimental group; the cross (+) indicates tasks on which the active control group showed significantly greater improvement than the experimental group and the double cross (++) indicates that both groups improved after training. Effect size (d) is the standardized mean difference for designs with two groups (experimental and control) in a pre-post test design. CI is the confidence interval of d.