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. 2017 Nov 1;8:1447. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01447

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Copyright © 2017 Shissler, Lee and Webb.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Co-stimulation plays a key role in the ability of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to initiate antitumor immune responses. Presentation of α-GalCer to iNKT cells results in IFN-γ production. IFN-γ stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) to upregulate CD80/86 and activates natural killer (NK) cells. CD40L:CD40 interactions between the DC and iNKT cell activate the DC and result in IL-12 production. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are activated by MHC:T cell receptor (TCR) interactions, CD80:CD28 co-stimulation, and IFN-γ and IL-12 signaling. iNKT cells, NK cells, and CTLs are able to directly kill tumor cells using perforin/granzyme and Fas:FasL.