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. 2017 Oct 20;6(10):e159. doi: 10.1038/cti.2017.41

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Immunoglobulin isotype switching pathways showing nodes of intracellular signal integration between TACI and TCF3/E2A. T-cell-independent isotype switching occurs through TACI and TLRs while T-cell dependent switching occurs through CD40 and IL-4 or IL-21. Ligation of the B-cell receptor synergises with both pathways. TCF3/E2A contributes to the expression of AID, 14-3-3γ and Ig production and therefore influences both T-cell-dependent and -independent Ig switching pathways. 14-3-3γ is a scaffolding protein and targets AID to switch regions. Mutations are shown in red stars. BCR—B cell receptor. TLR, Toll-like receptor.