Fig. 1. Ancient DNA-based test for recent positive selection.

Each point represents a variant with its genomic location on the x-axis and its p value (genomic control corrected and at a negative logarithmic scale) on the y-axis. Four variants are highlighted: the most significant SNP (purple); the top SNP reported by Mathieson et al. based on the same test but without imputation¹² (blue); one of the top adaptive SNPs reported in Greenlandic Inuit⁹ (orange); the adaptive indel reported in multiple populations with historical plant-based diets⁸ (red). Other variants are in black if exceeding the genome-wide significance level (5e-8), otherwise in gray. The overall pattern is consistent with that previously described¹² (Supplementary Fig. 31). At the bottom of the plot are the representative transcript models for the three FADS genes and the four transcription factor binding sites for SREBF1 from ENCODE⁶⁸ (blue) and another previous study¹¹ (red).