Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort
| Characteristicsa | No Palliative Care, 29,284,339 | Palliative Care, 484,915 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No AKI, 26,405,123 | AKI No Dialysis, 2,795,736 | AKI with Dialysis, 83,480 | No AKI, 333,095 | AKI No Dialysis, 143,450 | AKI with Dialysis, 8370 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, yr, mean (SEM) | 56 (0.1) | 69 (0.1) | 63 (0.2) | 74 (0.2) | 75 (0.2) | 65 (0.4) |
| Sex, % | ||||||
| Men | 39 | 53 | 58 | 44 | 50 | 58 |
| Women | 61 | 47 | 42 | 56 | 50 | 42 |
| Race, % | ||||||
| White | 66 | 66 | 63 | 74 | 71 | 66 |
| Black | 13 | 17 | 16 | 9 | 12 | 12 |
| Hispanic | 10 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Native American | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Other | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Health insurance status, % | ||||||
| Medicare | 43 | 69 | 59 | 66 | 74 | 59 |
| Medicaid | 17 | 9 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 11 |
| Private | 30 | 16 | 21 | 18 | 13 | 23 |
| Self-pay | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| No charge | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 4 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Median household income for patient’s zip code, % | ||||||
| Under $39,000 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 26 | 26 | 28 |
| $39,000–47,999 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 |
| $48,000–62,999 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 25 |
| $63,000 and over | 20 | 19 | 19 | 24 | 23 | 22 |
| Hospital-level variables | ||||||
| Hospital region, % | ||||||
| Northeast | 20 | 19 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 16 |
| Midwest | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 23 |
| South | 39 | 40 | 40 | 38 | 38 | 36 |
| West | 19 | 18 | 21 | 21 | 23 | 25 |
| Hospital bed no., % | ||||||
| Small | 15 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 6 |
| Medium | 27 | 27 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 21 |
| Large | 59 | 60 | 66 | 64 | 65 | 73 |
| Hospital teaching status, % | ||||||
| Rural | 12 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 3 |
| Urban nonteaching | 39 | 39 | 38 | 36 | 37 | 28 |
| Urban teaching | 49 | 51 | 57 | 54 | 56 | 69 |
| Ownership, % | ||||||
| Government nonfederal | 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 12 |
| Private nonprofit | 73 | 74 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 80 |
| Private investor owned | 15 | 15 | 15 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||||
| Acute pancreatitis | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 1 | 7 | 33 | 11 | 21 | 57 |
| Cancer | 9 | 12 | 14 | 43 | 32 | 24 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 11 |
| CKD | 7 | 46 | 53 | 13 | 40 | 41 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 13 | 20 | 18 | 23 | 21 | 20 |
| Cirrhosis | 1 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 16 |
| Congestive heart failure | 12 | 34 | 41 | 24 | 38 | 41 |
| Coronary artery disease | 19 | 36 | 35 | 26 | 34 | 32 |
| Dementia | 5 | 12 | 4 | 20 | 21 | 4 |
| Diabetes | 21 | 42 | 43 | 22 | 30 | 32 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 3 |
| Ischemic stroke | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 4 |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Sepsis | 3 | 17 | 39 | 14 | 37 | 60 |
| Procedures, % | ||||||
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 1 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Left ventricular assist device | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2 | 10 | 39 | 15 | 25 | 66 |
| Operating room procedure | 31 | 17 | 27 | 10 | 13 | 28 |
a
The statistical significance of the differences is presented in Figure 2 and Supplemental Figures 1 and 2.