Effects of PTX and rubone combination therapy on PTX resistant cell viability. A. Cell viability of PC3-TXR cells after PTX, PTX+miR-34a, and PTX+miR-34a inhibitor treatment. DU145 (B), DU145-TXR (C), PC3 (D), PC3-TXR (E) cell viability was determined by MTT assay after PTX or PTX and rubone combination therapy. (Student t test; **p < 0.01 vs. PTX at each concentration, respectively, n = 3) F. Cell viability of PC3-TXR cells after PTX+rubone and PTX+rubone + miR-34a inhibitor treatment (Student t test; **p < 0.01 vs. PTX+rubone at each concentration, respectively, n = 3).PC3-TXR cell viability and sphere formation after rubone or PTX and rubone combination therapy was determined by 3D tumor model (G, 3D on top; H, hanging drop). PTX and rubone combination therapy reversed the expression of miR-34a downstream proteins in DU145 (I) and PC3 (J) cell lines.