Table 8.
Prenatal Cortisol and Prenatal and Postnatal Child Investments
| Panel A Quintiles of Cortisol | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight Gain | Smoker | Prenatal Visits | Mother Unresponsive | Unfavorable Emotional Env | Nursery School | |||||||
| OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | |
| Top quintile prenatal cortisol | −1.102 [0.975] | −0.562 [2.440] | 0.0648 [0.0642] | 0.0456 [0.0327] | −0.105 [0.419] | −0.630 [0.823] | −0.00300 [0.0265] | −0.0951 [0.0640] | −0.0292 [0.0324] | −0.0272 [0.0725] | 0.0241 [0.0430] | 0.0743 [0.0740] |
| Bottom quintile prenatal cortisol | −0.260 [1.031] | 3.030 [2.664] | 0.0263 [0.0682] | 0.0725 [0.0669] | 0.101 [0.445] | −0.0369 [0.796] | 0.00492 [0.0271] | −0.00853 [0.0700] | −0.0143 [0.0168] | 0.0178 [0.0689] | −0.0235 [0.0343] | 0.0254 [0.0455] |
| Observations | 358 | 368 | 376 | 386 | 375 | 385 | 376 | 386 | 376 | 386 | 346 | 355 |
| R-squared | 0.122 | 0.775 | 0.049 | 0.957 | 0.195 | 0.846 | 0.063 | 0.686 | 0.202 | 0.737 | 0.101 | 0.840 |
| Panel B Linear Cortisol | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight Gain | Smoker | Prenatal Visits | Mother Unresponsive | Unfavorable Emotional Env | Nursery School | |||||||
| OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | OLS | FE | |
| Free cortisol | 0.000986 [0.0279] | −0.0426 [0.0548] | 0.00143 [0.00136] | 0.000511 [0.000724] | −0.00271 [0.0119] | −0.00784 [0.0181] | 0.000570 [0.000889] | −0.000163 [0.00238] | −0.000560 [0.000442] | −0.000644 [0.000792] | 0.00109 [0.000919] | 0.00130 [0.00165] |
| Observations | 358 | 368 | 376 | 386 | 375 | 385 | 376 | 386 | 376 | 386 | 346 | 355 |
| R-squared | 0.119 | 0.771 | 0.048 | 0.957 | 0.194 | 0.845 | 0.065 | 0.678 | 0.201 | 0.737 | 0.102 | 0.839 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Sample | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling | Sibling |
| Full controls | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Maternal FE included | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y |
Note: Robust standard errors in brackets
Full controls include all controls listed in Table 3, Top Panel.
Maternal Responsiveness is measured at 4 months of age and is an aggregate of maternal responsiveness to the child, maternal focus on the child, child’s appearance (neat to unkempt) and attendtion paid to child
Unfavorable emotional environment is measured at age 1 and is the interviewers positive response to the question of whether there is an unfavorabl emotional environment at home
Nervous Condition is whether the mother reports a nervous condition any time from the birth of the child to age 7
Weight gain is maternal weight gain during pregnancy