Table 4.

Effects of Including Covariates in the Model of Children’s Sex as a Predictor of Children’s “What” Spatial Types, as Mediated by Parents’ “What” Spatial Types

Covariate	Path a (Children’s sex → parents’ spatial types)			Path b (Parents’ spatial types → children’s spatial types)			Path c (Total effect: children’s sex → children’s spatial types)			Path c′ (Direct effect: children’s sex → children’s spatial types)			Adjusted R2
	β	t(54)	p	β	t(54)	p	β	t(54)	p	β	t(54)	p
Children’s other word types	0.61	2.80	.0072	0.50	5.14	≤ .001	0.50	2.65	.0107	0.20	1.17	.2500	.6303
Family SES	0.53	2.52	.0149	0.69	5.94	≤ .001	0.47	2.02	.0485	0.10	0.52	.6100	.5048
Total length of language recording	0.59	2.41	.0196	0.68	6.75	≤ .001	0.48	1.99	.0500	0.09	0.45	.6500	.5160
Birth order of child	0.61	2.41	.0196	0.70	7.04	≤ .001	0.51	2.00	.0500	0.08	0.47	.6700	.5065
Parents’ gender	0.61	2.40	.0199	0.71	7.19	≤ .001	0.56	2.16	.0350	0.20	0.69	.4911	.5089

Note: See Figure 1 for an illustration of the basic mediation model. SES = socioeconomic status.