Table 2. Lymphocyte subset fractions.

Lymphoid subsets are given as mean percentages ± standard deviation of the parent population (denoted in bold font).

B cells (CD19+)	Controls	T1D	p-value
CD19+	11.97 ± 5.93	10.09 ± 5.77	0.3962
CD10+ CD 27−	6.24 ± 4.00	5.43 ± 4.22	0.3659
Trans	5.25 ± 1.88	6.76 ± 3.12	0.2099
MN	68.68 ± 12.64	70.53 ± 9.49	0.7804
MA	18.82 ± 9.81	13.41 ± 5.66	0.0996
RM	4.41 ± 3.76	5.46 ± 6.05	0.8672
PB	0.61 ± 0.72	0.47 ± 0.28	0.6352
CD24+, CD38++	2.67 ± 1.15	1.54 ± 0.85	*0.0045
T cells (CD3+)	Controls	T1D	p-value
CD3+	71.53 ± 9.26	73.48 ± 7.97	0.596
CD4+	62.39 ± 10.15	66.64 ± 8.60	0.4909
CD8+	31.52 ± 9.29	28.94 ± 8.02	0.9932
CD4+/CD8+	0.83 ± 0.89	0.48 ± 0.22	0.2425
CD4−/CD8−	5.26 ± 2.71	3.92 ± 1.00	0.2661
NK cells (CD3− CD19−)	Controls	T1D	p-value
CD56+	38.53 ± 18.46	50.21 ± 18.19	0.0865
CD56−	41.54 ± 19.34	46.43 ± 17.94	0.423
CD16+/CD56+	36.43 ± 18.43	38.54 ± 16.66	0.724
CD16+/CD56−	5.10 ± 2.33	7.89 ± 3.23	*0.0066
CD16−/CD56+	2.10 ± 0.64	3.78 ± 1.59	*0.0007

The asterisk (*) indicates a statistically significant difference between T1D and control subjects, p-value < 0.05 (Mann Whitney test).

Trans = transitional. MN = mature naïve. MA = mature activated. RM = resting memory. PB = plasmablasts. Please see Figure 1a for definitions of Trans, MA, MN, RM and PB, based on CD38 vs. CD27 staining.